• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.749-762
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• 2018

In this study, the changes of the sunshine environment due to the construction of buildings were analyzed by season. Using a geographic information system (GIS) data, the topography and the buildings were constructed around Pukyong National University (PKNU) in Busan. The numerical model was performed for a week in each season, before and after the construction of buildings. Even before the construction of the high-rise building complex, the area of sunshine block is wide due to the apartment complex located in the southeast of the PKNU campus and the mountain in the south. After the construction, the sunshine-blocked area became wider after the sunrise and before the sunset. The area of sunshine block after 1 hour at sunrise increased by 1.60%, 1.50%, 1.58% and 1.36% in the vernal equinox, summer solstice, autumnal equinox and winter solstice, respectively. The building complex in the east (south) of the PKNU campus made shadow in more than 1,000 m (750 m) toward the west (east) just before the sunrise (sunset). Especially, the sunshine duration in PKNU campus decreased by 46.61%, 22.75%, 58.56%, and 11.31% in the vernal equinox, summer solstice, autumnal equinox and winter solstice, respectively. The analysis of the sunshine duration for a dormitory building showed that the construction of the building complex in the south of the PKNU campus reduced the sunshine area of the western (southern) wall of the dormitory by 30.91% (49.45%) for a winter week.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.544-552
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• 2001

Korea is classified into low and moderate seismic zone from the view-point of seismic hazard level. Korean seismic provisions has been developed based on UBC and ATC 3-06. Thus, in calculation of design base shear according to Korean provisions response modification factor (R) is included in the formula of design base shear. The major role of this factor is to reduce the elastic design base shear whereby structures can behave in inelastic range during design level earthquake ground motions(mean return period of 475 yrs.). R factor is assigned according to material and structural systems. In this study, R factor for bearing wall system is considered. Most of the walls of apartment buildings in Korea resist gravity and seismic loads simultaneously so that this wall system can be classified into bearing wall system. Structural details of these walls are different from those used in Japan and U.S.. They are all rectangular in sectional shape rather than barbell in shape, and also have special lateral reinforcement details at the boundaries of a wall. In Korean seismic design provisions(1988), two different values(3.0 and 3.5) of R factor are assigned to the bearing wall systems according to the wall details. However, in updated seismic provisions(2000), only one value is assigned to R factor(3.0) irrespective of wall details. In this study, the design base shear values in Korean seismic design provisions(1988, 2000), ATC 3-06, UBC are compared. Also experimental study was carried out to evaluate the seismic performance of structural walls. For this purpose, five test specimens were made which have special details used in apartment bearing wall systems in Korea. Based on the results of this study, response modification factor for bearing wall system is discussed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.621-626
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• 2021

In this study, data on the study site for apartment construction was acquired, and the quantity of construction waste was calculated using a drone and mobile 3D laser scanner. The accuracy of the drone was 0.034 to 0.064m in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively, and the mobile 3D Laser Scanner showed an accuracy of 0.018 to 0.049m in the horizontal direction, respectively. These results suggest that it is possible to construct spatial information using a drone and mobile 3D laser scanner with a value within the allowable accuracy of 1:1,000 digital terrain. The volume of construction waste calculated using the mobile 3D laser scanner data was 70,797㎥. It was possible to calculate the volume on the side of the building or some facilities that appeared as shaded areas in the drone outcomes. In addition, modeling was performed for view analysis of the apartments scheduled to be constructed and the terrain-based modeling results of the surrounding buildings. In the future, data construction and accuracy evaluation using mobile 3D laser scanners will be conducted. In addition, additional research comparing existing methods and work processes will be carried out, and the efficiency of mobile 3D laser scanners in the field of spatial information construction can be presented.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.181-187
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• 2017

To proactively respond to internal and external changes such as the recent demographic change and rising demand for diversified housing types, this study investigated the framed-structure free plan public house model proposed by the LH to look at the seismic performance of framed-structure apartment according to damper system use through non-linear analysis. The effectiveness thereof was also examined in terms of performance and economy. As a result, the proposed damper system application method to framed-structure free plan public house model was found to meet the performance requirements of the present earthquake-resistant design (KBC2016) and effective to apply to designs. The max response displacement and max response acceleration were compared based on the nonlinear analysis. As a result, the building with damper system showed better earthquake resistance performance than earthquake-resistant structure thanks to the damper system, although the base shear of earthquake-resistant system was reduced by 20% in design. The damper system is expected to help reduce building damage while ensuring excellent earthquake resistance performance. In addition, the framework quantities of earthquake-resistant structure and structure with damping system were compared. As a result, columns were found to reduce concrete amount by about 3.9% and rebar, by about 7.3%. Walls showed about 12.6% reduction in concrete and about 10.7% in rebar. In terms of cost, framework construction cost including formwork and foundation expenses was expected to drop by about 5~6%.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.591-593
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• 2019

LPWA has a small amount of data that can be transmitted at one time, but it can collect a very wide range of information, so it is suitable for gathering information of apartment meter or collecting data intermittently sent from industrial site. However, most of the application studies on LPWA are limited to outdoor, especially LOS environment, so it is difficult to collect information for application to apartment and industrial sites. In this paper, we have measured the communication coverage within the building, which is a NLOS environment, so that LPWA communication can be applied to apartments and industrial sites. For the experiment, LoRa module was created using sx1276, Class A was applied, and the spread factor was changed for each layer. As a result, in case of spreading factor 7 that shows increasing error and losses from the 7 floor, but the in case of spreading factor 12, the data could be seamlessly received even on the 9th floor without error and losses.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.387-399
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• 2003

The box system that consists only of reinforced concrete walls and slabs we adopted in many high-rise apartment buildings recently constructed in Korea. Recently, many of the box system buildings with pilotis has been constructed to meet the architectural design requirements. This structure has abrupt change in the structural properties between the upper and lower parts divided by transfer girders. For an accurate analysis of a structure with pilotis, it is necessary to have the buildings modeled into a finer mesh. But it would cost tremendous amount of computational time and memory. In this study, an efficient method is proposed for an efficient analysis of buildings those have pilotis with drastically reduced time and memory. In the proposed analysis method, transfer gilders are modeled using super elements developed by the matrix condensation technique and fictitious beams are introduced to enforce the compatibility conditions at the boundary of each element. The analyses of example structures demonstrated that the proposed method used for the analysis of a structure with pilotis will provide analysis results with accuracy for the design of box system buildings.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.93-106
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• 2023

This study attempted to simulate changes in the thermal environment according to the type of apartment complex in Korea using CFD techniques and evaluate the thermal environment by type of apartment. First, apartment complex types in the 2000s and 2010s were referred from previous studies and four types of apartment complex were extracted from. Second, the layout of the apartment complex and temperature changes were analyzed by the direction of wind inflow. Third, a standardized model was created from each type using tower type, plate type, and mixed driving. Last, CFD simulations were performed by setting up the inflow of wind from a total of eight directions. The temperature was relatively low in the type consisting of only the tower type and the type of placing the tower type in the center of the complex, regardless of the direction of the wind. It was due to the good inflow of wind from these types to the inside of the complex. It can be interpreted because wind flows easily into the complex in these types. The findings showed that wind flow and resulting temperature distribution patterns differed depending on the building type and complex layout type, confirming the need for careful consideration of the complex layout in the early design stage. The results are expected to be used as basic data for creating a sustainable residential environment in the early design stage of apartment complexes in the future.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.34 no.6_1
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• pp.879-891
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• 2018

In this study, the effects of urban redevelopment and building construction on the change of the detailed flows around the Pukyong National University (PKNU) campus located in the building-congested area was investigated using a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) model and GIS (geographic information system). For the analysis of the detailed flows before and after the constructions of the buildings around and within the campus, numerical simulations for the 16 inflow directions were performed before and after the construction. We used, as reference wind speeds at the inflow boundaries, the averaged wind speeds observed at the Gwangan light beacon (962) where there is no surrounding obstacle (i.e., building and terrain) acting as friction. We analyzed the area fractions in which wind speeds at z = 2.5 m changed after the construction for 16 inflow directions. The area fractions were relatively large in the east-south-easterly and southerly cases, because of the high-rise buildings constructed at the east and the apartment complex and the Engineering buildings constructed at the south of the PKNU campus. In the case of the easterly of which frequency is highest among the wind directions observed at the Daeyeon AWS (AWS 942) located inside the PKNU campus, the wind-speed change was not significant even after the constructions. It is shown that the building construction has affected the detailed flows around as well as even in the far downwind region of the constructed buildings. Also, it is shown that the GIS and CFD model are useful for analyzing the detailed flows in planning the urban redevelopment and/or building construction.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.359-370
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• 2022

Despite continuous efforts to reduce on-site safety accidents, the construction industry remains a high-risk sector with a high rate of fatal accidents. Design for Safety(DFS), which manages safety risk factors at the design stage, is being used as a method to lower the construction safety accident rate. However, due to limited knowledge, designers are unaware of the design-results risks during the different of the project lifecycle, including construction, operation, and maintenance. Effective DFS can be conducted if the designer understands the effect of the building shape on the safety accident rate and corresponding safety management cost(SMC). The cost of safety facilities such as fall prevention nets and safety fences will vary depending on the shape of the building. This study analyzes the outer perimeter length's impact on SMC. Following the data collection from 21 projects for this study, an analysis was conducted using the independent variables of the building perimeter(BP), building shape factor(BSF), and building area(BA), the dependent variable of SMC. The correlation R2 was found to be 0.876, 0.801 and 0.792 between the BP and SMC, BSF and SMC, BA and SMC, respectively, indicating that these factors were closely related.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.46-59
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• 2023

Various Baekje ground-level building sites have been identified, in Pungnaptoseong Fortress, including Mirae Village's site E-1. However, building site E-1 is the only one with excavated roof tiles that are directly connected to the building site. As for building sites E-2, D-1, and D-2, which are comparable to site E-1, it is very possible that they had tiles on the roof based on their jeoksim (blocking facilities for roof slopes) and building structures. Also, although they are semi-underground pit structures, pit building sites A-30 and modern apartment site A-5, as well as the No.44 remains of Gyeongdang District, which is closer to a ground-level type, the buildings with tiles may have been constructed in the form of partial tile roofs rather than full-face tile roofs. Therefore, there may be several reasons behind the use of tiles on roofs in the early days, but the primary background of the building's authoritative function would have been considered first. Considering that China and Japan started using tiles on nationally important buildings such as palaces, temples, and ritual buildings, it may be presumed that Baekje began using tiles from the time it centralized power. It is believed that Baekje's early roof tile buildings evolved from rudimentary residential architecture to advanced public architecture, taking into consideration fire prevention and structural stability in large buildings. It is difficult to find similar cases in Korea with structural features such as the elevated foundations or underground stone foundations that can be found in Mirae Village building site E-1. Rather, similar architectural techniques can be found in China and Japan. In China, similar construction techniques were discovered in buildings of worship that were primarily built in the palace surroundings, such as Jangan Castle. Based on this, it appears that roof tile building sites, such as site E-1, that have been discovered have a strong correlation with the characteristics of buildings of worship, and ground type buildings, such as sites D-1 and D-2, are important facilities that are related to important public facilities such as state-run warehouses. This provides many implications regarding the early Baekje city structure.