• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.172-178
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• 1997

There was a great variation in insecticide susceptibilities among field and laboratory populations of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hiibner). Unselected laboratory population, which had been reared for 6-7 generations in our laboratory without exposure to insecticides, was more susceptible than its parental field population in all tested insecticides. Two selected laboratory populations with parathion or deltamethrin showed much higher insecticide tolerance than did the unselected laboratory population in their own selection insecticide. The variation of the insecticide susceptibilities was highly correlated with esterase and acetylcholinesterase activities. Field and the selected laboratory populations had lower acetylcholinesterase activities and higher esterase activities than did the unselected laboratory population. Acetylcholinesterase of the field and the selected laboratory populations had higher Km values than did that of the unselected. In a population, Km values were varied among different developmental stages; acetylcholinesterase of the fifth instar larvae had the highest Km value among those of the other larval stages. Twenty one esterase bands were separated on 6.5% nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel from the whole body extracts of the fifth instar larvae. E2, E7, E8, Ell, El6, and El7 esterase bands were developed more frequently in the insecticides-selected populations than in the unselected population. These results suggest that the variation of insecticide susceptibilities of the beet armyworm includes both biochemical mechanisms: target site insensitivity and enhanced activity of detoxification enzyme.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Entomolohy Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.41-41
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• 2004

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Entomolohy Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.111-111
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• 2004

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.53-57
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• 1999

Simple diagnostic kits for monitoring insecticide susceptibility of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hiibner) were developed and applied to the field populations. The operation of the kits was based on the correlations between enzyme activities of esterase (EST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the insecticide susceptibilities. Four different kinds of diagnostic kits (ED, EM, AD, and AM) were designed and classified by diagnostic enzymes (E for esterases and A for acetylcholinesterase) and inhibitors (D for dichlorvos and M for monocrotophos). Diagnostic inhibitor concentrations were 1 mM for ED, 10 mM for EM, 100 mM for AD, and 100 mM for AM. Resistant larvae which were not inhibited by the diagnostic amounts of insecticides developed positive staining (red color), but susceptible~ s howed negative (no color). An insect was used for both EST and AChE diagnostic kits, but different in their samples: hemolymph for EST and the head for AChE. These four diagnostic kits were applied to 1 1 different populations which showed variations of insecticide susceptibilities. Four kits were different in the capability discriminating the insecticide susceptibilites according to insecticides: ED to bifenthrin, AD to methomyl, and ED and AM to chlorpyrifos-methyl. These diagnostic devices can be used for insecticide-resistance management program for this insect pest. It also provide a technical guide to insect pest management for farmers, directors, and researchers.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.261-267
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• 2018

In the present study, we assessed the effecs of fruit and vegetable bark resources rich in beneficial substances on the learning ability and memory improvement. It functions to inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase in brain tissue and improve cognitive functions in a simulation model of cognitive impairment induced by scopolamine. Hence, it can promote memory and learning ability. The formulation of the fruit and vegetable bark uses the extract of fruit and vegetable peels, which has long been used without causing toxicity in a wide range of food applications. Therefore, it can be used safely without a risk of side effects, even in the case of a long-term administration for the preventive purpose. Furthermore, the present study is a very beneficial study in the environment-friendly aspect in association with recycling of resources as it is based on the novel efficacies of fruit and vegetable barks which have been conventionally disposed as a refuse of fruits due to their poor sensory qualities despite the content of beneficial substances.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.308-311
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• 2007

Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and amyloid beta(1-42) peptide is good drug targets for Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. Among the twenty enthusiasm reducing herbals, the 70% methanol extracts (1 mg/ml) of Moutan Radicis Cortex and Forsythiae Fructus showed 91.5% and 85.3% about acethylcholinesterase inhibition, respectively. The extracts (1 mg/ml) of Coptidis Rhizoma and Paeoniae Radix Rubra showed more than 85% inhibition rate against amyloid beta (1-42) peptide aggregation. The neuroprotective effect of the extracts (1 mg/ml) of Moutan Radicis Cortex, Forsythiae Fructus and Paeoniae Radix Rubra showed 90.0%, 87.4% and 85.1% to compare with amyloid beta (1-42) peptide treated cells (IMR-32), respectively. Three herbs, Moutan Radicis Cortex, Forsythiae Fructus and Paeoniae Radix Rubra are promising candidates from natural products for development of Alzheimer's disease therapeutics.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.673-677
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• 2014

HX106N은 용안육, 맥문동, 단삼 및 천마 등의 4가지 식물로 구성된 추출물로서, 선행 연구에서 amyloid ${\beta}$ peptide에 의한 생쥐의 기억력 저하 및 산화 손상을 억제하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이 연구에서는 HX106N이 비선택적 무스카린 수용체 길항제로 잘 알려진 스코폴라민(scopolamine)으로 유도한 콜린성 건망증(cholinergic amnesia)에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 평가하였다. ICR 생쥐에게 스코폴라민(1 mg/kg body weight, i.p.)을 주입하기 1시간 전에 HX106N(100 mg/kg body weight, p.o.)을 투여하였다. 30분 후 수행한 Y-미로 시험(Y-maze test) 및 수동 회피 시험(passive avoidance test)에서 HX106N는 스코폴라민에 의해 감소되는 자발적 변경 행동(spontaneous alternation) 및 지체시간(step-through latency)을 유의미하게 억제하여 건망증을 개선시키는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 HX106N을 투약 1시간 후 생쥐의 해마와 대뇌피질 부위의 아세틸콜린에스테라제(acetylcholinesterase; AChE)의 활성을 측정한 결과 통계적으로 유의미한 정도의 활성 감소가 관찰되었다. 이러한 결과들을 종합할 때 HX106N은 AD에서 관찰되는 콜린성신경전달 장애로 인한 기억력 저하 억제에 사용될 수 있는 가능성을 가진 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2016

Alzheimer's disease(AD), one of the most common forms of dementia, is characterized pathologically by the presence of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and deposition of β-amyloid(Aβ) peptides of 40-42 residues. Aβ has been believed to be neurotoxic and now is also considered to have a role on the mechanism of memory dysfunction. Only a few acetylcholinesterase(AChE) inhibitors have been developed for treatment of AD, although the numbers of patients are rapidly increasing within aging society. Here, we show that ethanol extract of Rosae Rugosae Flos(RR) or its butanol fraction reduce the enzyme activity of AChE and BACE1(β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1). Furthermore, We found that RR inhibits Aβ aggregation and removes Aβ aggregates by Transmission electron microscopy(TEM). In addition, RR reduces the free radical of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH). We suggest that Rosae Rugosae Flos may be useful as a herbal medicine to treat AD.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.327-333
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• 2015

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder symptomatically characterized by impairment in memory and cognitive abilities. AD is characterized pathologically by the deposition of ${\beta}$-amyloid ($A{\beta}$) peptides of 40-42 residues, which are generated by processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP). $A{\beta}$ has been believed to be neurotoxic and now is also considered to have a role on the mechanism of memory dysfunction. In this study, we tested that EtOH extract of the fruits of Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne (CSE) affects on the processing of APP from the APPswe over-expressing Neuro2a cell line. We found that CSE increased over 2 folds of the $sAPP{\alpha}$ secretion level, a metabolite of ${\alpha}$-secretase. We showed that CSE reduced the secretion level of $A{\beta}42$ and $A{\beta}40$ by down regulation of ${\beta}$-secretase (BACE) without cytotoxicity. Furthermore, we found that CSE inhibited BACE and acetylcholinesterase activity in vitro. We suggest that Chaenomelis Fructus may be an useful source to develop a herbal medicine for AD.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.121-126
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• 2009

Objectives : To evaluate the radical scavenging and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities of the ethylacetate (EtOAc)-soluble portion of a methanolic extract of Aster yomena, three different assay systems were performed. Methods : The antioxidant activity of A. yomena extract was tested as its capacity to scavenging free radicals of DPPH and $ABTS^+$, which has been widely used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of natural products from plant sources. AChE inhibitory activity was tested against mouse brain AChE by spectrophotometric method of Ellman using ELISA microplate reader. Results : The methanolic extract of A. yomena was fractionated and the EtOAc-soluble portion showed significant AChE inhibitory and free radical scavenging effects. Also the EtOAc-soluble portion revealed the highest phenolic contents as compared to the other extracts. Conclusions : These results indicate that phenolic compounds may be important constituents that give rise to the anti-AChE and antioxidative activities of A. yomena extract. Further phytochemical studies on this plant, for nutraceutical or pharmaceutical application, are warranted.