• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.229-243
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• 2002

This study aimed at compare analyzing the trend of research in Korea and Other Country on Pain in Children, suggesting direction future pain research, and contributing to the use of pain intervention in nursing practice. Research studies on pain in children were selected from Korean Nures' Academic Society Journal, Korean Pediatric Nursing Academic Society Journal, dissertations, and contected using the MEDLINE between 1980 to April, 2002. The number of the 16 studies in Korea with 36 studies in other country. So, The number of the total studies were 52. There studies were analyzed for 1) the present condition of research studies 2) Research subject 3) Types of condition (Situation) in pain 4) Measurement Tools 5) Types of nursing interventions and 6) Research design. The findings of the analysis can be summerized as follows : 1) The number of the studies insufficient in Korea(16 studies) compare to other country (36 studies). 2) Research subjetcs were mostly patients and preschool, schoolage children(12 studies, 26 studies). 3) Types of condition(situation) in pain were First, related to injection(IM, IV, Blood Sampling)(6 studies, 14 studies) second, related to operation (4 studies, 11 studies) third, related to heelstick in neonates (3 studies, 6 studies). 4) As measurement tools for pain were mostly FPRS(facial pain rating scale) used to studies (9 studies, 11 studies), and more than two tools used. Mostly used to heart rate at studies. 5) Types of nursing intervention, Teaching and information were most popular intervention for pain in Korea(4 studies), and distraction was most popular intervention for pain in the other country(14 studies). 6) Research design, The experimental research were most popular studies in Korea and the other country. The following suggestions made based on the above findings : Need to researches about pain of children's chronic disease.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.847-856
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• 2000

Parents are primary care taker for the children and have an important role for the assessment and managent of children's pain following surgery. The purpose of the present study was to examine the validity and clinical utilization of the Postoperative Pain Measure for Parents (PPMP) developed by Chambers et al. Subjects were 52 children aged 4-12 years admitted for tonsillectomy and other minor surgery and their mothers. Faces Pain Scale, State Anxiety, and Postoperative Pain Measure for Parents were used. The data were collected by two research assistant on the operation day and 1st day after surgery at hospital during the period of July 20 to August 28, 1998. The results are as follows: 1. Eta correlation coefficient between 15 items of PPMP and child rated pain were calculated. Correlation coefficients were more than .2 for both day. 2. Internal consistency for PPMP were .82 and .83. 3. The scores of the PPMP were 10.73 (SD=3.71) and 9.27(SD=4.07) on the operation day and 1st day after surgery and there was no significant difference between two days(p=.056) On the other hand, there was a significant difference on the child rated pain by Faces Pain Scale between operation day and 1st day after surgery(p=.001). 4. The correlation(Spearman Rho) between PPMP and child rated pain were .40(p=.003) and .56(p=.000). The score of the PPMP and the children's state anxiety were highly correlated on the operation day and 1st day after surgery (.60, .52, p=.000). 5. Partial correlation between PPMP and child rated pain except state anxiety were .18(p=.23) and .48(p=.001) on the opration day and 1st day after surgery. 6. Using a cut-off score 10 out of 15, the measure showed excellent sensitivity (>80%) and moderate specificity (46.15%, 60% ). This study provides preliminary evidence for the use of the PPMP as a valid pain assessment tool with children between the ages of 4-12 years following surgery. It is suggested to explore the validity with a different subjects with other surgery and to examine the validity for infant and younger children.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.179-189
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate NICU nurses' nursing interventions for pain and factors affecting nursing interventions for pain. Methods: Participants were 120 NICU nurses from 5 university hospitals located in Daejeon Metropolitan City and Chungcheong Province. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA and Duncan test, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression analysis with SPSS Windows 23.0 IBM program. Results: The factors affecting nursing interventions for pain included knowledge about non-pharmacological nursing interventions for pain and self-efficacy about nursing interventions for pain. These variables explained 28.3% of nursing interventions for pain. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that it is necessary to develop education programs in which effective nursing interventions for neonatal pain are considered. The programs should be made available to NICU nurses.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.190-197
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing neonatal pain management by nurses in order to provide evidence-based data for the development of more efficient neonatal pain care programs. Methods: This study used a descriptive research design to survey 204 registered nurses working in neonatal intensive care units and nurseries in Busan. Data collection was done from July to September 2010. General knowledge of pain and pain scale, pain intervention, neonatal pain management, and barriers to pain management were measured. Data were analyzed using stepwise multiple regression with SPSS 17.0. Results: it was found that among the factors affecting neonatal pain management by nurses, the unit where the nurse worked was the most important influential factor, followed by knowledge of pain management, education level, and barriers from medical personnel in that order. The explanatory power of these four variables accounted for 42.0% of neonatal pain management. Conclusion: Study results indicate that it is necessary to develop education programs to increase knowledge of neonatal pain management for nurses caring for neonates. Also, plans for reduction of obstacle factors in medical personnel should be prepared.

• 임상간호연구
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.47-59
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to compare the active pain management (APM) with structured physiotherapy (SPT) with the conservative care on postoperative pulmonary complications, pain, and comfort in children under three year. Method: A non-equivalent control group, non-synchronized design study was used. A total of 64 children participated in the study. The children in the experimental group (n=32) received APM with SPT after surgical operation. After transferred to the general unit, the parents were instructed to hold the child for 30 minutes to relieve anxiety and have him/her sleep comfortably for 2 hours. Scheduled 20 minutes chest percussion was performed by the parents for 2 days: twice every 4 hours, one in 6 hours, then one every 8 hours for the rest of two days. Analgesic was administered as needed. Pain and comfort were observed and recorded by nurses using the FLACC and COMFORT Behavior Scale. Results: One child in the control group was diagnosed with postoperative pneumonia. The children in the experimental group who were received the APM with SPT reported higher scores in comfort and lower scores in pain than those in the control group. Conclusion: The findings suggest that APM with SPT can help prevent postoperative pulmonary complications and pain.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify effects of EMLA (Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetics) cream application on pain perception and pain response during insertion of implanted venous access port needle in children with cancer. Methods: From December 2010 to August 2011, at U university hospital, 20 patients scheduled for implanted venous access port needle insertion were recruited, and randomly assigned to receive either EMLA or a placebo cream 1 hour before the implanted venous access port needle insertion. While conducting needle insertion, changes in pulse and oxygen saturation on the pulse oxymeter monitor were measured and pain behavior reaction was also measured during needle insertion in the treatment room. After conducting needle insertion, self-reported pain reaction, and mothers' perception of the children's pain reaction were measured. Collected data were statistically processed using SPSS version 17.0 for Windows, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test. Results: Children's self-reported degree of pain, degree of pain as perceived by mothers and pain behavior reaction decreased significantly in the EMLA application group compared with the placebo group. Conclusion: Findings indicate that application of EMLA cream is effective in relieving pain in these children during implanted venous access port needle insertion.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.235-244
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• 2015

목적: 본 연구는 아동병동 간호사들의 아동 호스피스 완화의료에 대한 인식과 지식을 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 방법: 일개 대학병원의 어린이병원 내과계 병동과 중환자실에서 근무하는 간호사를 대상으로 인식 관련 23문항, 지식 관련 20문항으로 구성된 설문조사를 시행하고 총 132명의 자료를 분석하였다. 결과: 대상자의 아동 호스피스 완화의료에 대한 인식의 하위영역 중 '아동 호스피스 완화의료의 어려움'에 대한 인식이 가장 높았으며 특히 의사소통과 관련된 어려움을 크게 인식하고 있었다. 대상자의 일반적 특성이 아닌 아동 호스피스 완화의료 경험에 따라 인식의 차이를 보였다. 아동 호스피스 완화의료의 지식은 20점 만점에 $8.83{\pm}2.64$점으로 '통증과 증상관리', '철학과 원칙', '돌봄의 정신 사회적 측면'의 순으로 점수가 낮아졌다. 현재 근무지가 병동인 경우가 중환자실에 근무하는 경우보다 지식이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 아동 호스피스 완화의료와 관련된 경험에 따른 지식의 차이는 보이지 않았다. 결론: 아동병동 간호사의 아동 호스피스 완화의료의 인식과 지식의 향상을 위해 간호사들이 어려움을 느끼는 부분과 부족한 지식을 보완할 수 있는 교육프로그램의 개발하여 아동병동 간호사들에게 지속적으로 제공하는 것이 필요하다.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.69-87
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• 2005

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to identify pediatric nurses's knowledge related to children's pain and pediatric nurses' career including educational experience and to examine whether there is a difference of their knowledge according to their career. Method : Subjects of this study was 115 pediatric nurses of one university hospital who understood purpose of this study and accepted to participate in this study. Subjects responded questionnaire by self report. The data were gathered for 7 days during the period from October 20 to October '2:7, 2003. The pediatric nurses' knowledge and attitude survey regarding pain developed by Manworren(2001) was used to identify the knowledge related to children's pain of pediatric nurses. Nurses' career consisted of level of education, presently working ward, duration of experience at clinic, pediatric clinic and presently working ward and educational experience related to children's pain during undergraduate courses, ward orientation and continuing education. Educational experience regarding children's pain was measured by whether they had education related to children's pain during undergraduate courses, ward orientation and continuing education or not and their perception on the contents of education was measured by 5 point Likert type scale. SPSS Windows was used to analyze the data. Scores of the knowledge regarding children's pain and career including educational experience of pediatric nurses were presented as mean and standard deviation. Mean percentage of correct answers responded by the subjects was presented under the category of introduction, assessment, pharmacological and nonpharmacological intervention for children's pain. The difference of scores of the knowledge regarding children's pain according to nurses' career was analyzed using t-test, ANOVA and Tukey as a post hoc. Statistical significance was accepted at the level of p<.05. Result : Pediatric nurses had deficient knowledge related to children's pain on the whole and did not trust pain complaint and underestimated the pain. They were short of concrete practical knowledge about pain assessment and pharmacological and nonpharmacological intervention for children's pain. They were excessively concerned with side effect and addiction of analgesic drugs and had a negative view point on nonpharmacological pain intervention. About 50% of the subjects received education regarding children's pain while their undergraduate courses. The number of nurses who received education regarding children's pain while their undergraduate courses was found to be greater among the recently graduated nurses. In ward orientation and continuing education, only less than 10% of the nurses received education regarding children's pain. Nurses perceived their experienced educational content deficient; experienced educational content consisted of pain introduction, assessment and pharmacological and nonpharmacological intervention for children's pain while their undergraduate course, ward orientation and continuing education. There were no significant differences of the knowledge regarding children's pain of pediatric nurses according to level of education, duration of experience at clinic, pediatric clinic and presently working ward. Scores of the knowledge regarding children's pain of nurses at neonatal ward were significantly greater than those of nurses at pediatric intensive care unit. Scores of the knowledge regarding children's pain of pediatric nurses who received education during their undergraduate course were significantly greater than those who did not receive it during their undergraduate courses. Also scores of the knowledge regarding children's pain of pediatric nurses who received one kind of educational experience were significantly greater than those who had no educational experience. Conclusion : Pediatric nurses had deficient knowledge of children's pain and underestimated the pain of children. Also they were short of concrete practical knowledge on pain assessment and intervention for children's pain.

• 임상간호연구
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.143-151
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of illustrated children's book in providing information about tonsillectomy to improve post tonsillectomy pain control and compliance to treatment for preschoolers. Methods: The design of the study was a quasi-experimental, post-test only design. Subjects were preschoolers aged between 3 and 7 years old who were admitted to a hospital for tonsillectomy. A group of 25 children were assigned to an experimental group, and another 25 were assigned to a control group. The data were analysed using SPSS 12.0 program. The homogeneity between two groups was examined using $x^2-test$. The hypotheses testing was conducted using t-test. Results: The experimental group had lower pain score than control group at 8 hour after tonsillectomy (p<.05). Pain score was also lower in the experimental group after 24 hour after the surgery (p<.05). The experimental group had higher pain questionnaire score than control group at 8 hours after surgery, however the difference was not significant. The experimental group showed better compliance to treatment than the control group (p<.05). Conclusion: Providing illustrated children's book for the purpose of providing information about tonsillectomy was effective intervention for the control of post tonsillectomy pain and improvement of compliance to treatment for preschoolers. Illustrated children's book could be applied as a nursing intervention to relieve post tonsillectomy pain and improve compliance to treatment for preschoolers.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.215-221
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• 2011

Purpose: Newborns routinely experience pain associated with invasive procedures such as blood sampling, venipuncture, heelstick, or venous cannulation. This study was done to provide data for a nursing intervention to alleviate newborn pain clinically by investigating the effect of local anesthetic cream during venipuncture. Methods: Participants were 70 newborns hospitalized in the nursery. Informed Consent was obtained from parents of the newborns. Venipuncture for regular blood sampling was carried out for a test on 2 groups; the experimental, placebo group. The neonatal infant pain scale (NIPS), and duration of crying were measured to assess pain reaction. All neonatal behaviors were recorded on videotape. Results: There were significant differences in pain behavior during venipuncture (t=-4.752, p<.001), immediately after sampling (t=-5.591, p<.001), 3 minutes after puncture (t=-2.469, p=.017), and in duration of crying (t=-3.005, p=.004). Conclusion: Results show that local administration of EMLA cream before venipuncture causes a reduction in neonatal pain response, indicating that the EMLA cream has the effect of pain relief.