• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.309-316
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• 2010

This paper proposes healthcare bathing system for improving the multisensory function and not washing. We designed various types of bathtub for developing bathing system. This system consists of whirlpool bathtub for multisensory stimulation, a cover of bathtub with visual-auditory stimulation function, a small size PC for main control, touch panel, digital multimedia broadcasting (DMB), color-changeable LED mood lighting system for improving visual sensibility and speaker. We investigate the effects on autonomic nervous system during bathing with healthcare bathing system for improving the multisensory functions. To analysis physiological parameter, body temperature, blood pressure, intraocular pressure and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured before, during and after bath using healthcare bathing system. Experiments were performed on partial immersion bath and the water temperature was kept $39{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$. The body temperature and the heart rate variability of the subject were measured every 5 minutes before, during, and after the bath. In analysis of HRV, the parasympathetic nerve increased from starting bath and decreased after 15 minutes. So the subjects felt comfortable at 15 minutes after starting bath. Blood pressure decreased to 16mmHg maximumly however pulse increased. Bath using healthcare bathing system for improving the multisensory functions affects positively the circulation of the blood. From this results, it leaves something to be desired in evaluation of serviceability and physiological analysis using the healthcare bathing system, however, we expect to analyze more clearly the relationship between the serviceability of product, physiological change and sensibility by various physiological parameters.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.721-732
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• 2010

As increasing of electrical device usage, social concerns about the possible effects of 60Hz electromagnetic fields (EMF) on human health have increased. The number of people with self-attributed electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) who complain of subjective symptoms such as headache, insomnia etc. also increased. However, we don't know whether the EHS results from psychological factor or real perception to the electromagnetic field. In this study, we simultaneously investigated physiological changes(heart rate, respiration rate, heart rate variability, alpha and beta waves in EEG), subjective symptoms and perception accuracy to assess origins of subjective symptoms according to the EMF exposure. Experiment consists of real and sham sessions and 60Hz 12.5uT magnetic field was on(real) or off(sham) to 15 EHS and 16 nonEHS. As the results, EMF exposure did not have any effects on physiological parameters or subjective symptoms for both groups. There was also no evidence that EHS group perceived the EMFs correctly than the control group. Therefore, the origins of subjective symptoms is not the 60Hz magnetic field but psychological factors.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.68-76
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• 2012

Objectives: Sleep disorders cause changes of autonomic nervous system (ANS) which affect cardiovascular system. Primary insomnia (PI) makes acceleration of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) tone by sleep deficiency and arousal. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) sets off SNS by frequent arousals and hypoxemias during sleep. We aimed to compare the changes of heart rate variability (HRV) indices induced by insomnia or sleep apnea to analyze for ANS how much to be affected by PI or OSAS. Methods: Total 315 subjects carried out nocturnal polysomnography (NPSG) were categorized into 4 groups - PI, mild, moderate and severe OSAS. Severity of OSAS was determined by apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). Then we selected 110 subjects considering age, sex and valance of each group's size [Group 1 : PI (mean age=$41.50{\pm}13.16$ yrs, AHI <5, n=20), Group 2 : mild OSAS (mean age=$43.67{\pm}12.11$ yrs, AHI 5-15, n=30), Group 3 : moderate OSAS (mean age $44.93{\pm}12.38$ yrs, AHI 16-30, n=30), Group 4 : severe OSAS (mean age=$45.87{\pm}12.44$ yrs, AHI >30, n=30)]. Comparison of HRV indices among the four groups was performed with ANCOVA (adjusted for age and body mass index) and Sidak post-hoc test. Results: We found statistically significant differences in HRV indices between severe OSAS group and the other groups (PI, mild OSAS and moderate OSAS). And there were no significant differences in HRV indices among PI, mild and moderate OSAS group. In HRV indices of PI and severe OSAS group showing the most prominent difference in the group comparisons, average RR interval were $991.1{\pm}27.1$ and $875.8{\pm}22.0$ ms (p=0.016), standard deviation of NN interval (SDNN) was $85.4{\pm}6.6$ and $112.8{\pm}5.4$ ms (p=0.022), SDNN index was $57.5{\pm}5.2$ and $87.6{\pm}4.2$ (p<0.001), total power was $11,893.5{\pm}1,359.9$ and $18,097.0{\pm}1,107.2ms^2$(p=0.008), very low frequency (VLF) was $7,534.8{\pm}1,120.1$ and $11,883.8{\pm}912.0ms^2$ (p=0.035), low frequency (LF) was $2,724.2{\pm}327.8$ and $4,351.6{\pm}266.9ms^2$(p=0.003). Conclusions: VLF and LF which were correlated with SNS tone showed more increased differences between severe OSAS group and PI group than other group comparisons. We could suggest that severe OSAS group was more influential to increased SNS activity than PI group.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.101-111
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate differences between traffic accident and non-traffic accident patients in the early stage, by analysis of the heart rate variability(HRV) and visual analogue scale(VAS). Methods : This study carried out on 38 patients who complained of nuchal or lower back pain. They have received hospital treatment in Dae-Jeon Univ. Cheonan Oriental Hospital. In the TA(Traffic accident) group, the pain caused by TA and in non-TA group, the pain caused by other reasons. We measured HRV and VAS twice(pre-treatment(Tx.) and post-Tx.). Then we analyzed the data. Results : As time goes by, patients who complained of pain showed the inclination to improve ability to balance autonomic nerve system. And fatigue and pain were improved. But they showed the inclination to increase stress index. At pre-Tx., TA group had more stress and worse ability to balance autonomic nerve system, but showed lower fatigue index than non-TA group. But, as time goes by, in TA group the fatigue and autonomic balance got worse. At pre-Tx., non-TA group complained of more severe pain than TA group, but at post-Tx., TA group complained of more severe pain than non-TA group. In other words, in TA group, the decreasing rate of pain was lower than non-TA group. Conclusions : Results from this investigation showed that TA have a negative effect on stress index, ability to balance autonomic nerve system, fatigue index and decreasing rate of pain. These results are expected to consider characteristics of patients who complained of pain caused by TA.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.9-14
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• 2003

Sleep stages have been useful indicator to check a person's comfortableness in a sleep, But the traditional method of scoring sleep stages with polysomnography based on the integrated analysis of the electroencephalogram(EEG), electrooculogram(EOG), electrocardiogram(ECG), and electromyogram(EMG) is too restrictive to take a comfortable sleep for the participants, While the sympathetic nervous system is predominant during a wakefulness, the parasympathetic nervous system is more active during a sleep, Cardiovascular function is controlled by this autonomic nervous system, So, we have interpreted the heart rate variability(HRV) among sleep stages to find a simple method of classifying sleep stages, Six healthy male college students participated, and 12 night sleeps were recorded in this research, Sleep stages based on the "Standard scoring system for sleep stage" were automatically classified with polysomnograph by measuring EEG, EOG, ECG, and EMG(chin and leg) for the six participants during sleeping, To extract only the ECG signals from the polysomnograph and to interpret the HRV, a Sleep Data Acquisition/Analysis System was devised in this research, The power spectrum of HRV was divided into three ranges; low frequency(LF), medium frequency(MF), and high frequency(HF), It showed that, the LF/HF ratio of the Stage W(Wakefulness) was 325% higher than that of the Stage 2(p＜.05), 628% higher than that of the Stage 3(p＜.001), and 800% higher than that of the Stage 4(p＜.001), Moreover, this ratio of the Stage 4 was 427% lower than that of the Stage REM (rapid eye movement) (p＜.05) and 418% lower than that of the Stage l(p＜.05), respectively, It was observed that the LF/HF ratio decreased monotonously as the sleep stage changes from the Stage W, Stage REM, Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3, to Stage 4, While the difference of the MF/(LF+HF) ratio among sleep Stages was not significant, it was higher in the Stage REM and Stage 3 than that of in the other sleep stages in view of descriptive statistic analysis for the sample group.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.100-105
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• 2004

Objectives: Major depression is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. One possible explanation for this association is that major depression influences autonomic neurocardiac regulation. However, previous studies on the relationship between heart rate variability (HRV) and major depression have revealed conflicting results. The purpose of this study is to clarify that major depressive patients compared to healthy controls show a reduction in HRV as an expression of reduced modulation of vagal activity to the heart. Methods: According to DSM-IV, the time and frequency domain HRV indices (5-min resting study) of 30 patients with major depressive disorder were compared with those of 30 healthy controls. Standardized HRV tests enable quantitative estimation of autonomic nervous system function. Results: After controlling for age and gender, subjects with major depression showed a higher heart rate and significantly lower modulation of cardiovagal activity compared to controls. The total power (TP) band, very low frequency (VLF: 0.003-0.04 Hz) band, low frequency (LF: 0.04-0.15 Hz) band, and high frequency (HF: 0.15-0.4 Hz) band were significantly reduced in subjects with major depression compared to control subjects. Conclusion: Patients with major depression may suffer from functional disturbances in the interaction between the sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic systems.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.24-33
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• 2002

Objectives: Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) corrected elevated blood pressure (BP) in some studies of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) but not in others. Such inconsistent results in previous studies might be due to differences in factors influencing the effects of CPAP on BP. The factors referred to include BP monitoring techniques, the characteristics of subjects, and method of CPAP application. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of one night CPAP application on BP and heart rate (HR) reactivity using non-invasive beat-to-beat BP measurement in normotensive and hypertensive subjects with OSAS. Methods: Finger arterial BP and oxygen saturation monitoring with nocturnal polysomnography were performed on 10 OSAS patients (mean age $52.2{\pm}12.4\;years$; 9 males, 1 female; respiratory disturbance index (RDI)>5) for one baseline night and another CPAP night. Beat-to-beat measurement of BP and HR was done with finger arterial BP monitor ($Finapres^{(R)}$) and mean arterial oxygen saturation ($SaO_2$) was also measured at 2-second intervals for both nights. We compared the mean values of cardiovascular and respiratory variables between baseline and CPAP nights using Wilcoxon signed ranks test. Delta ($\Delta$) BP, defined as the subtracted value of CPAP night BP from baseline night BP, was correlated with age, body mass index (BMI), baseline night values of BP, BP variability, HR, HR variability, mean $SaO_2$ and respiratory disturbance index (RDI), and CPAP night values of TWT% (total wake time%) and CPAP pressure, using Spearman's correlation. Results: 1) Although increase of mean $SaO_2$ (p<.01) and decrease of RDI (p<.01) were observed on the CPAP night, there were no significant differences in other variables between two nights. 2) However, delta BP tended to increase or decease depending on BP values of the baseline night and age. Delta systolic BP and baseline systolic BP showed a significant positive correlation (p<.01), but delta diastolic BP and baseline diastolic BP did not show a significant correlation except for a positive correlation in wake stage (p<.01). Delta diastolic BP and age showed a significant negative correlation (p<.05) during all stages except for REM stage, but delta systolic BP and age did not. 3) Delta systolic and diastolic BPs did not significantly correlate with other factors, such as BMI, baseline night values of BP variability, HR, HR variability, mean SaO2 and RDI, and CPAP night values of TWT% and CPAP pressure, except for a positive correlation of delta diastolic pressure and TWT% of CPAP night (p<.01). Conclusions: We observed that systolic BP and diastolic BP tended to decrease, increase or remain still in accordance with the systolic BP level of baseline night and aging. We suggest that BP reactivity by CPAP be dealt with as a complex phenomenon rather than a simple undifferentiated BP decrease.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.113 no.1
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• pp.107-117
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• 2024

This study investigated temporal changes in forest physical variables and their effects on thermal comfort and physiological and psychological responses. Environmental factors (air temperature, mean radiant temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity), the predicted mean vote (PMV), and the predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) visitors were continuously measured between 9:00 AM and 6:00 PM. We assessed the physiological and psychological responses (heart rate variability, heart rate, oral temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate, thermal sensation vote, comfort sensation vote, and subjective feelings) of 30 male university students (average age: 21.7±1.9 years), who closed their eyes and relaxed for 5 minutes every hour. Examination of correlations between environmental factors and physiological responses showed that ① the mean radiant temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity significantly changed with time; ② PMV and PPD also showed significant changes over time, and the thermal sensation vote corresponded with PMV; however, the comfort sensation vote did not correspond with PPD; ③ Among the physiological responses, parasympathetic nerve activity, sympathetic nerve activity, heart rate, and diastolic blood pressure significantly varied with time, with parasympathetic nerve activity having the lowest value and sympathetic nerve activity the highest at the highest air temperature (2:00-4:00 PM); and ④ Air temperature, mean radiant temperature, and wind speed showed a negative correlation with parasympathetic nerve activity and a positive correlation with sympathetic nerve activity. These findings indicate that the relaxation effects of the forest environment depend on what time of day people are exposed to it, and the changes occurring in forest environmental factors over time modulate these effects.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.70-80
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of an integrated recreation program on mood states, flexibility, and stress of elderly women. The integrated recreation program was applied to dance as a physical activity and songs and art as emotional activities in consideration of the characteristics of the elderly activities. The subjects were 50 elderly women aged 65 years or older who reside in K-do. The examination period was December 2 in 2014 to February 17 in 2015, during which time mood states, flexibilities, density of the salivary cortisol, variations in heartbeats, and stress were measured. The integrated recreation program had positive effects on mood, flexibility and stress reduction in elderly women. Based on these results, the integrated recreation program is considered to increase mood states and flexibility of elderly women while lowering stress. Therefore, the integrated recreation program developed in this study not only helps the physical and mental health of elderly women, but can also be widely utilized as a health promotion program for the elderly.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.33-39
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• 2023

This study is a performance evaluation of a blood sugar monitoring system that combines a PPG sensor, which is an evaluation device for blood glucose monitoring, and a DNN algorithm when monitoring capillary blood glucose. The study is a researcher-led clinical trial conducted on participants from September 2023 to November 2023. PPG-BGMS compared predicted blood sugar levels for evaluation using 1-minute heart rate and heart rate variability information and the DNN prediction algorithm with capillary blood glucose levels measured with a blood glucose meter of the standard personal blood sugar management system. Of the 100 participants, 50 had type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and the average age was 67 years (range, 28 to 89 years). It was found that 100% of the predicted blood sugar level of PPG-BGMS was distributed in the A+B area of the Clarke error grid and Parker(Consensus) error grid. The MARD value of PPG-BGMS predicted blood glucose is 5.3 ± 4.0%. Consequentially, the non-blood-based PPG-BGMS was found to be non-inferior to the instantaneous blood sugar level of the clinical standard blood-based personal blood glucose measurement system.