• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.71-92
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• 2023

This study investigates the symbolism and meaning of the bead design, its relationship with the Silla culture, and the conditions of glass bead manufacturing to verify the theory of Silla's production of Silla face-inlaid glass beads with excellent artistry and technology. The research method includes investigating the design analysis, ancient documents, myths, relics, glass, and metal production techniques. Moreover, Hongshan cultural relics and other cases of inlaid glass beads were collected. There are records in the literature that the people of Makhan, Buyeo and Silla of ancient Korea people considered beads as treasures and used them for accessories. It was confirmed that all the design elements of the bead-patterned hair topknot, golden crown, birds, and flower trees were closely related to the myth of Kim Al-ji of Silla, the oviparous tales and the sacred birds and divine beasts of the north. Moreover, the pattern and arrangements were found to be similar in other Silla relics. The origin of beads and face pendants was Hongsan culture, and a stone cast for beads was discovered in Bukpyo of Gojoseon, the lower-level culture of Hajiajeom. In addition, excavating inlaid glass beads from Sik-ri tombs of Korea and a face-inlaid glass bead from Toganmori tombs in Japan confirms the theory of Silla's production. The fact that the Baekje people of ancient Korea had a glass bead manufacturing office in Japan in the fifth centuries suggests that the Silla people also had a manufacturing plant in Java, Indonesia, because this place was a crossroads of Silla's Sea Silk Road and a source of raw materials and labors with a close relationship to Silla. Therefore, the face-inlaid glass bead was indeed self-made by Silla, who possessed the tradition of bead myths and hair topknot, and the high-level skills such as gold crowns and metal inlays.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2012.06a
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• pp.275-276
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• 2012

우리나라의 주요 교역권은 아시아, 미주, 유럽 지역권으로 나눌 수 있다. 아시아, 미주 지역권은 해상 운송이 주를 이루지만 유럽 지역권은 해상 운송 뿐 아니라 철도 운송이 가능하다. 유럽 지역권 또한 해상운송이 많은 부분을 차지하고 있지만 철도 운송을 이용한 운송도 꾸준한 증가를 보이고 있다. 본 연구에서는 유럽 지역과의 교역에서 활용 가능한 운송 경로를 비교하여 경제성 분석에 주안점을 두었다. 분석의 요소로는 운송거리, 운송기간, 운송비를 중심으로 사용하였다.. 분석 결과 TKR과 연계한 TSR이 경제적이라는 분석 결과가 나왔지만 러시아의 물류 환경이 우리가 알고 있는 일반적인 지식과는 많은 차이가 있어 해결과제들이 존재하고 있다. 이러한 문제들의 개선사항이 해결된다면 TSR은 철의 실크로드 시대를 열 수 있으며 TKR의 시작점인 우리나라는 경제적 파급 효과는 물론 동북아 물류 거점으로 입지를 확고히 해나 갈 수 있다.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2016

Iran's relations with the Far East date back to the Parthian Period. Despite this, the collapse of the Sasanian Empire and the escape of Yazdgird's survivors is currently being re-evaluated as the beginning of a new chapter in bilateral ties, especially between Iran and China and Iran and Silla. In a chapter of $Ku{\check{s}}-n{\bar{a}}meh$ (KN), the text describes Silla (an individual's name) as the father of the people of Silla (toponym). In this paper, I have tried to give a reasonable interpretation for this narration by KN. Also I have frequently referred to other texts to present a comparative study that supports my claim.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2016

The main aim this paper is to investigate the "Bayt al-Hikma" ("The House of Wisdom"), an important medieval centre for translation and science. In this paper, the author attempts to define the establishment, tasks and development of this institution and its place in medieval civilization. In addition, considerable attention is given to the scientific activity of the Central Asian scholars in Baghdad, who migrated there when caliph al-Ma'mun shifted his court from Marw to Baghdad in 819 CE. The paper describes "Bayt al-Hikma" as an important institution for translation and science and describes some of the Central Asian scholars' activities in Baghdad. Despite its brevity, this short overview shows that these scholars had an important influence on the development of medieval sciences.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.51-67
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• 2016

This article examines the nature of geopolitics and its impact on the international political economy of Eurasia/Silk Road. The research questions are exploratory and aim at revealing the differing geopolitical perceptions of the Russian Federation, the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the former Soviet Central Asian countries-Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan-within the context of an emerging "New Silk Road". Consequently, the main goal of this article is to contribute to a better understanding of what factors constrain and shape Silk Road initiatives in Eurasia. To this end, the article focuses on geopolitics and regional integration theories through a consideration of the Silk Road initiatives of a number of Eurasian countries.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.69-88
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• 2017

Since the beginning of the human world, man has tried to prove his presence on the earth. Wherever he moved, he left his marks in different forms. Whether he lived in caves, in open spaces or in-built structures, he left evidence in art form, the earliest of which are the cave paintings found in various regions of the world. These transformed into open spaces where man carved and painted images and writings on rock faces and boulders. Although Pakistan provided an early home to such art forms, they have been discovered in Kashmir for the first time and will be revealed in this paper. In the present survey, a great number of rock art sites were found and documented in detail. These rock art sites display the earliest communities who settled down or traveled through the region, highlighting their thoughts, beliefs and practices. The tentative chronology of these rock art sites ranges from Neolithic to Hindu periods, creating an interesting mosaic in the historic profile of Kashmir.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.113-132
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• 2017

Several theories about the ancestry of the Khazars and the origins of the Khazar state have been suggested to date. None of them provides a comprehensive solution for the controversial data of the written sources on the early history of the Khazars. This article investigates a possible link between the title of Kagan-Bek of the Deputy Kagan of the Khazars and a similar title Ellac/Ilek of the Akatsir-Huns. This study of the title argues for statehood and political culture connections between the earliest Turkic tribes of Western Eurasia and the Khazars and Turks of Central Asia.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.1-27
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• 2019

Beginning in the northwestern region of India, and spreading through Central Asia and the rest of Asia along the Silk Road, the making of colossal Buddha statues has been a major theme in Buddhist art. The colossal Buddha statues predominantly feature Śākyamuni (the Historical Buddha), Maitreya (the Future Buddha), and Vairocana (the Transcendant Buddha), and they were fashioned out of religious devotion and frequently in conjunction with notions of Buddhist kingship. This paper examines the religious, social and political circumstances under which these colossal statues were made, focusing on examples from Central and East Asia made during the first millennium CE. Beginning in the 1990s, there was a revival of making colossal Buddha statues across China and elsewhere. The paper also briefly compares the current wave of building colossal Buddha statues with historical examples.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.79-95
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• 2019

This article presents a brief reconstruction of the historic journey of Benedict the Pole and John of Pian de Carpine, the first known Europeans after A.D. 900 who completed a successful return journey east of Baghdad and gave surviving accounts of their travels. The article, which focuses mainly on the role of Benedict the Pole, is divided into five parts: the reasons and organization of the deputation sent to the Mongols by Pope Innocent IV from 1245-1248, the route travelled by the Papal envoys, the existing versions of the two surviving accounts of the mission, the role of Benedict the Pole as the secretary and translator to the papal legate Pian de Carpine, and the outcome of the journey as seen from the perspective of Europe-Asia contacts.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.97-118
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• 2019

This study presents a new conceptualization of the history of Islamic astronomy. Islamic history is an embedded global cultural phenomenon and will be analyzed at different levels: a) the history of institutional aspects (observatories, including buildings), b) instruments, c) manuscripts, and d) scholars. This phenomenon will be analyzed as a multi-lingual phenomenon with Arabic as the language of sciences as a starting point. Although this is not a study of a geographical region in a narrow sense, it is a historical note on the entanglement of research written in Arabic, Persian and other languages and contextualized in a framework reaching geographically far beyond the confines of the Islamic world and being part of global history.