• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.509-515
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the indoor levels of $PM_{10}$, VOCs and aldehydes in nail shop and hair salon. Methods: The field survey was conducted for 52 hair salons 52 nail shops, and 26 shop-in-shops in Seoul and Daegu city. The field technicians investigated characteristics of each shop including operating time, indoor volume, ventilation and so on. Indoor concentrations of $PM_{10}$, VOCs and aldehydes, indoor temperature and humidity were measured in 12 hair salons, 12 nail shops and 6 shop-in shops. MP Surveryor II (Graywolf, USA) was used to measure $CO_2$ concentration, temperature and humidity for 8 hours. $PM_{10}$ concentrations were measured by minivolume air sampler with Teflon quartz filter ($0.2{\mu}m$ pore size, ${\varphi}$ 47 mm, Graseby-Anderson TEF-DISKTM) for 6 hours. VOCs passive sampler (OVM 3500) was used to collect VOCs for 8 hours and analyzed by GC/MSD. Results: The $CO_2$ concentrations were $759.4{\pm}58.2$ ppm in nail shops, $731.0{\pm}72.5$ ppm in hair salons, and $656.4{\pm}31.2$ ppm in shop-in-shops. The $PM_{10}$ concentrations were $27.5{\pm}14.2{\mu}g/m^3$ in nail shops, $33.1{\pm}6.3{\mu}g/m^3$ in hair salons, and $39.0{\pm}26.9{\mu}g/m^3$ in shop-in-shops. TVOCs concentrations were $3085.4{\pm}1667.8{\mu}g/m^3$ in nail shops, $2131.1{\pm}617.3{\mu}g/m^3$ in hair salons, and $1550.3{\pm}529.0{\mu}g/m^3$ in shop-in-shops. TVOCs concentrations in nail shops were significantly higher than those in hair salons and shop-in-shops (p=0.002). Formaldehyde concentrations were $60.8{\pm}36.6{\mu}g/m^3$ in nail shops, $89.1{\pm}55.4{\mu}g/m^3$ in hair salons, and $45.1{\pm}22.5{\mu}g/m^3$ in shop-in-shops. Conclusion: TVOCs concentrations in nail shop were the highest among others. TVOC concentrations in all stores exceeded indoor air quality stand of indoor air quality control in public-use facilities, etc act.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.646-657
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to suggest methods to investigate continuous monitoring of concentration levels and assess the exposure of individuals considering the actual time activity of residents for formaldehyde and particulate matter (PM₁₀, PM_2.5) in the indoor and outdoor air of a house, assess the health risks of children and adults based on the results of the exposure assessment, and provide basic data on studies for assessing exposure and health risks in Korea in the future. Methods: The concentration levels of formaldehyde and particulate matter were measured in a family home in Gyeonggi-do Province from April 25 to July 31, 2019, using electrochemical sensors (formaldehyde) and light scattering sensors (PM₁₀, PM_2.5). Risk assessment by the duration of exposure by time activity was performed by dividing between weekdays and weekends, and indoors and outdoors. Results: The greatest level of carcinogenic risk from inhaling formaldehyde was indoors during the weekdays for both children and adults. For children, the risk was at 7.5 per approximately 10,000 people, and for adults, the risk was at 4.1 per approximately 10,000 people. PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 also showed the greatest values indoors during the weekdays, with children at 1.7 people and 1.4 per approximately 100 people, respectively, and adults at 8.2 per approximately 1,000 and 1.8 per approximately 100 people, respectively. Conclusions: The risks of formaldehyde, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were shown to be high indoors. Therefore, consideration of exposure assesment for each indoor pollutant and management of indoor air quality is necessary.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.339-355
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• 2021

Background: Particulate matter (PM₁₀, PM_2.5) and black carbon contribute to poor air quality in urban areas, and can also affect indoor environments. Exposure to PM can be associated with respiratory and lung diseases. Objectives: This study investigated the indoor and outdoor concentration distribution patterns of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and black carbon at an apartment building, a typical residential space in the metropolitan areas of South Korea, by season, day of the week (weekday vs. weekend), and time of the day. It aims to obtain foundational data for the effective management of pollutants and investigate the difference in pollution levels between indoor and outdoor environments. Methods: Indoor and outdoor concentrations of PM and black carbon were measured at an apartment building located in Namyangju, Gyeonggi-do Province, using dust sensors and an Aethalometer AE51 (AethLabs, San Francisco, CA, USA) over the course of a year from June 2020 to May 2021. The concentration distribution patterns were analyzed by season and time of day. Results: PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations in the outdoor environment were higher than those in the indoor environment, regardless of the season. By contrast, the indoor black carbon concentration was higher than that in the outdoor environment during summer and autumn. The concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and black carbon were found to be higher on weekdays than during weekends, especially during rush hour, with concentrations of 25.92~56.58 ㎍/m³, 21.12~44.82 ㎍/m³, 0.63~3.40 ㎍/m³. Conclusions: The outdoor concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and black carbon were higher during the weekdays, especially during rush hour, than during weekends. This study is expected to provide basic data for the health management of apartment occupants because it is measured over a period of more than one year.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.218-227
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• 2023

Background: Since 2019, the Ministry of Environment has implemented a seasonal fine dust management system from December to March, targeting high PM_2.5 levels with the aim of reducing PM_2.5 concentrations and protecting public health. The focus of improving the seasonal management system lies in the atmospheric PM_2.5 levels. Considering the primary goal of protecting public health, it is necessary to analyze the policy effects from an exposure perspective rather than a concentration-based approach. Objectives: This study aims to quantitatively assess the improvement of indoor PM_2.5 levels and the health impacts of the seasonal management system by comparing the periods before and during its implementation in residential environments. Methods: PM_2.5 concentrations within residential environments in a metropolitan area were measured using an optical particle counter (IAQ-C7, K-weather, Ltd, Korea) at one-minute intervals during the pre-implementation period (November 21~25, 2022) and during the implementation period (December 19~23, 2022). Based on the measured PM_2.5 concentrations, a quantitative evaluation of cancer and mortality risks was conducted according to age and gender. Results: The results of comparing indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 concentrations before and during the implementation of the seasonal management system showed a decrease of approximately 56.6% and 47.9%, respectively. Health risk assessments revealed that both the safety-limit-based and safety-target-based Hazard Quotients (HQ) exceeded the threshold of 0.1 for children under 19 years of age, both before and after the implementation. The mortality risk decreased by approximately 47.9% after the implementation, with children aged 0-9 showing the highest mortality risk at 0.9%. Conclusions: The findings of this study confirmed the positive health impacts of the seasonal management system across all age groups, particularly children under 19 who are more vulnerable to fine dust exposure.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제62권1호
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• pp.87-98
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• 2024

본 연구는 리그노셀룰로오스 섬유와 굴참나무 수피-기반 활성탄(COA)으로 제조한 3층 섬유판에 한지를 조합하여 제작한 섬유판 필터세트의 미세먼지(PM), 휘발성 유기화합물(TVOC), 폼알데하이드(HCHO) 여과능을 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 단백질계 접착제를 적용하여 표층에 목섬유 그리고 심층에 재생섬유/COA로 제조한 섬유판(WRF)과 한지로 제작한 섬유판 필터세트는 일반향의 연소에 의하여 발생하는 상기 오염물질을 효과적으로 여과하였다. 섬유판 제조에 있어 표층/심층에 적용되는 접착제의 함지율을 4%/4%, 5%/3%, 6%/2%로 조절하여 WRF를 제조한 후, 이를 한지와 함께 WRF-기반 필터세트 제작에 이용하였다. 이 필터세트의 PM, TVOC, HCHO 여과능은 심층의 함지율이 감소함에 따라 향상되었다. 한편 WRF-기반 필터세트 구성에 있어 45 g/m² 평량의 한지보다 25 g/m² 평량의 한지(KP-25g)를 사용하여 제작한 필터세트에서 여과능이 우수하였다. 표층에 재생섬유와 심층에 목섬유/COA로 제조한 섬유판(RWF)과 KP-25g로 구성한 섬유판 필터세트의 여과능은 WRF와 비교하여 높았다. 소형 실내공간 및 대형 옥외공간에 WRF-기반 섬유판 필터세트 및 무필터 조건과 함께 측정한 PM 및 TVOC 여과능은 RWF-기반 섬유판 필터세트에서 높았다. 따라서 RWF와 KP-25g를 조합하여 제작한 섬유판 필터세트가 실내외 공간에 존재하는 PM, TVOC 여과용 필터로서 적용이 가능할 것으로 생각한다.

• 한국자연치유학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.18-30
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• 2022

배경: 제주도 화산섬 지하자원인 현무암 "숲" 지하 공기(숨골)의 효과를 검증하기 위하여 '지하 공기정화 층을 이용한 공기정화시스템(APS)'을 개발한 후에 정화 공기 체험장을 설치하였다. 이 정화 공기를 채취하여 분석하고 인체에 유용성에 관한 탐색연구가 필요하다. 목적:현무암 "숲" 지하 공기(숨골)를 APS로 채취하여 성분을 분석하고, 이 공기를 체험한 후에 인체에 미치는 영향을 탐색하는 것이었다. 방법: 제주도의 파파빌레 지역의 4개의 지점에 APS 장치를 설치하였다. APS에서 배출하는 지하 공기를 채집하여 자원화 성분을 분석하였다. 또한 공기 밀폐 연구 체험장을 지상에 설치하였으며, 이 체험장의 음이온 농도는 5,000 ions/m³정도이었고, 체험자들이 60~120분 정도 머무르게 한 후에 혈관 상태를 조사하였다. 결과: 현무암 '숲' 지하 공기를 채취하여 분석한 결과는 O₂ 농도는 21.18%로 대기의 평균 산소 농도 20.94%보다 높았다. 폼알데하이드는 검출되지 아니하였고, CO₂농도는 419 ppm으로 실내공기보다 낮았다. 미세먼지(PM2.5) 농도는 24 ㎍/ms 이하였으며, 음이온도 5.000 ions/m³ 이상 검출되었다. 체험한 사람들의 혈관 건강 지수 개선되었고, 평균 맥박의 증가 및 스트레스 해소 등의 효과가 높게 나타났다. 결론: 현무암 "숲" 지하공기(숨골)를 분석하여 규명한 유용한 성분은 자연치유 등에 활용할 가치가 높았고, 체험한 결과에서는 맥박의 증진, 혈관과 스트레스 개선에 효과를 나타냈다. 이러한 조건은 제주지역의 현무암 숲이 자연치유와 웰니스 산업으로 확장하기 위한 새로운 지역이라고 높게 평가할 수 있다.