• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.709-718
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• 2005

Purpose: The research aims to understand the lived experience of the caregivers of chronic renal failure(CRF) patients and its essential meaning. The results of the study can be used as basic materials for developing comprehensive intervention methods of care givers of CRF patients. Method: The research used van Manen's hermeneutic and phenomenological research methods in order to describe the lived experience and to understand its meaning. It concentrates on the understanding the essence of experience and consists of existential survey, hermeneutic and phenomenological reflection and hermeneutic writings. Participants in this research were five women care givers of CRF patients who had hemolysis at C university hospital in a metropolitan city, the period of data collection was from July 27 to Sep. 4, 2004 and major data of results in the following 5 essential themes. "sole responsibility for the patient enduring everything", "creating their own field", "heavy and painful life without hope of their private life", "wishing not to be inherited and consoling each other". Conclusion: The above findings point out that the experience of care givers of CRF patient affected and changed all parts of an individual life and his or her family life. Therefore, it suggests that total family nursing care must be considered in order to provide the holistic caring for CRF patients and their care givers.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.201-205
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• 2013

An 1-year-old intact male Jindo dog weighing 20 kg was referred with 7-day history of vomiting, anorexia, and lethargy. The dog was diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD) based on clinical signs, urinalysis, serum biochemistry, radiology and abdominal ultrasonography. Ten days of conservative therapy was given, but there were no signs of improvement. The patient was euthanized and necropsy was conducted. Renal histopathology was consistent with juvenile nephropathy and this is the first report of juvenile nephropathy in a Jindo dog.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.525-537
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• 2001

The Purpose of the study was to understand the experience of chronic renal failure patients for the qualified individual care for them. The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of patients living with chronic renal failure and to identify the meaning and structure of their experience. The subjects were four patients, two females and two males. The age range was from 21 to 54. Data was collected with a few in-depth interviews by the authors until the data was fully saturated. The framework and methodology of this study was based on Parse′s "Human Becoming methodology," an existential phenomenological research methodology. The findings of this study were as follows. Three experience structures of chronic renal failure patients were : 1. Sufferings and conflicts originated in the frustration caused by uncurable disease. 2. Dependence upon God and significant others with complex emotions. 3. Acceptance of sufferings, emerging hope for serving people, and gratitude for living. In conclusion the experience of chronic renal failure patients could be described from the findings (three structures) as "Experiencing the sufferings, conflicts originated in the frustration caused by uncurable disease, dependence upon God and significant others with complex emotion, acceptance of the suffering and hope for serving people, and gratitude for living." The three structures of the lived experience of patients with chronic renal failure, the findings of this study, could be explained by the three concepts of "Theory of Human Becoming," the first structure could be explained with values, the second with revealing-concealing, and the third with transforming.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.307-316
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and test psychometric properties the Korean version of the End-Stage Renal Disease Adherence Questionnaire (KESRD-AQ). The ESRD-AQ, a 46-item, multidimensional, self-administrated questionnaire which was developed to assess treatment adherence to hemodialysis (HD) attendance, medications, fluid restrictions, and diet prescription among patients on maintenance hemodialysis, has been validated. Methods: The KESRD-AQ was developed by performing both translation and backtranslation. The content validity and test- retest reliability of the KESRD-AQ were evaluated by establishing item-level content validity index (I-CVI) and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), respectively. Construct validity was assessed by adopting a known-group analysis comparing adheres and non-adherers using Mann-Whitney U Test. Results: 41 Korean-American patients with ESRD on HD from 3 outpatient dialysis centers in California participated in the study. The KESRD-AQ showed excellent content validity (average I-CVI=.96) and test-retest reliability (ICC=.917, p=.004). The construct validity indicated that the KESRD-AQ distinguished adheres and non-adheres (p=.02~.047). Conclusion: The KESRD-AQ is a valid and reliable instrument to measure treatment adherence.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.235-246
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to discover the experience of hemodialysis which clients confronted hemodialysis at the same time as CRF diagnosis and to understand the nature and meaning of their crisis experience. The research subjects were 6 clients receiving hemodialysis in Seoul from Jan. 1996 to Jul. 1996. Data were collected by informal indepth interview and participant observation. Content Analysis(by Seaman & Verhonick, 1982; Woods & Catanzaro, 1988) was applied to collect similar contents and common experience in order to derivate concepts and categories for better understanding of their hemodialysis experience. As a result, 6 categories derivated to indentify their hemodialysis experience of the CRF clients-confronted hemodialysis at the same time as CRF diagnosis-were as follows: 1) The category of shocking crisis composed the concepts of shock, amagement and suffocation. 2) The category of denial composed the concepts of disease refusal and hemodialysis refusal. They repeatedly visited hospitals or didn't visit hospital in order to refuse disease, then depended on folk remedy or shamanistic method. 3) The category of severe anxiety composed the concepts of abandoned feeling, shame, resentment, neurosis and anger. 4) The category of depression composed the concepts of grief, suffering of unfairness, tearing, desire to death. 5) The category of powerlessness composed the concept of hopelessness. 6) The category of resigned acceptance composed the concepts of resignation and acceptance. In this study, the CRF clients who confronted hemodialysis at the same time as CRF diagnosis experienced six stages in accepting hemodialysis but these stages were mingled simultaneously and went on.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1988.08a
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• pp.43-46
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• 1988

The nephrotoxicity of dichromate was reduced upon the administration of red ginseng $S_I-fraction$. Rabbits treated with dichromate showed acute renal failure and the majority of animals died within ten days. Mortality and physioligical status were significantly improved by the administration of ginseng. The effect of red ginseng $S_I-fraction$ was studied by hematological analysis. urinalysis. and histophathological examination. It was found that red ginseng $S_I-fraction$ has a potent effect on glomerulotubular imbalance induced by dichromate. In addition, $S_I-fraction$ normalized the rate of glycogenolysis. glycolysis. and the rate of lactate production. which had been accelerated by intravenous dichromate injection. Red ginseng $S_I-fraction$ was superior to ascorbic acid. CaEDT A and furocemide in the protection and recorvery from dichromate-induced acute renal failure.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.82-89
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• 2013

Purpose: To examine the quality of life in pre-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease. Methods: The subjects were 91 patients who visited the nephrology outpatient department of a tertiary hospital located in Seoul. Data on demographic and clinical characteristics, and quality of life (QOL) were collected between July 19 and 23, 2010. The relationship between QOL and various Stages of dependence on glomerular filtration rates (GFRs) and factors related to QOL were investigated. Collected data was analyzed with the SPSS WIN 12.0 program. Results: There was a significant difference in the quality of life of the subjects in different stages (F=18.12, p<.001). The Scheffe post hoc test confirmed that patients at higher stages had a lower level quality of life. In addition, GFRs, uremic symptoms, gender and age predicted value accounted for 38.5% of the variance on QOL (F=25.09, p<.001). Conclusion: Strategies to develop a systematic management program for improving QOL of pre-dialysis patients are urgently needed.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2000

Purpose: Our study was designed to investigate the association of MHC Class II (DR, DQ) allele with IgA nephropathy and its significance as a prognostic factor for progression to ESRD Material and Methods: 69 children with IgA nephropathy with normal renal function(serum creatinine $\leq$ 1.5mg/dL) was classified as group A and 70 patients who received renal transplantation due to IgA nephropathy were selected as group B. The HLA-DQB1 and HLA-DRB1 alleles were studied by polymerase chain reaction using sequence specific primers. We have compared the difference in alleles between these two groups and with normal control and also examined any possible effect of the MHC class II genes on the histopathological severity and prognosis of IgAN. Results: Mean age was $8.8{\pm}2.9$ years in group A and $35.0{\pm}15.5$ years in group B. Male to female ratio was 2.8:1 in group A and 2.5:1 in group B. There was a significantly higher frequency of HLA-$DQB1^*03\;and\;DQB1^*05$ in Group B. The frequency of HLA-$DQB1^*0302\;and\;^*05031$ allele had increasing tendency in Group B(P<0.05). HLA-$DRB1^*03\;and\;^*05$ were more common in Group B(P<0.05). HLA-$DRB1^*04$ allele was the most common DR alleles in both group, but there was no statistical significance. There were no significant correlation with MHC class 13 genes on the hjstopathological severity in Group A. Conclusion: In conclusion, $HLA-DQB1^*0302\;and\;HLA-DQB1^*05031 $ allele seemed to be more common in transplanted patients compared to group with normal renal function suggesting that this allele is associated with poor prognosis in IgAN. However larger studies and follow up are required to confirm this due to uncharacterized heterogeneity in etiopathogenesis of IgA nephropathy and possibly one or more than one gene may exert influence in determining susceptibility to the diseases.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.92-105
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• 2014

Objectives : Cisplatin is a widely used cancer therapy drug. However, nephrotoxicity resulting in increased oxidative stress is a major side effect of cisplatin chemotherapy, thereby limiting its chemotherapeutic use. Lycium chinense Miller (LCM) has been used as a traditional herbal medicine in various febrile and inflammatory diseases such as night sweat, cough, nosebleed, bronchitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, etc. In this study we investigated the protective and antioxidative potential of LCM against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Methods : Twenty-four 8-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: normal untreated; cisplatin treatment only; LCM 10 mg/kg plus cisplatin treatment; and LCM 30 mg/kg plus cisplatin treatment. Twenty-four hours after the last cisplatin injection, all the rats were sacrificed, and serological changes were evaluated. The levels of NF-${\kappa}B$ activity and NOX-4, $p47^{phox}$, $p22^{phox}$, COX-2, iNOS, SOD, catalase expressions were analyzed in Western blot analysis. Results : Cisplatin injection caused an increase in the BUN level, which is a reliable indicator of renal toxicity. The levels of BUN, renal ROS, and renal TBARS were significantly reduced in the LCM groups compared with the cisplatin-only groups. The levels of $p47^{phox}$ and $p22^{phox}$, which are NADPH oxidase subunits, were increased in the cisplatin-only groups, whereas they were decreased in the LCM groups. The levels of renal NF-${\kappa}B$ activity and COX-2, iNOS expressions were increased significantly in the cisplatin-only groups compared with the normal groups, whereas they were decreased in the LCM groups. Compared with the cisplatin-only groups, renal GSH and GSH/GSSG increased in the LCM groups. Also, the administration of LCM increased levels of SOD and catalase as compared with the cisplatin-only groups. Conclusions : These results suggest that LCM protects cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity via a mechanism that may involves the inhibition of oxidative stress by the activation of antioxidants.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.232-239
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• 2002

Purpose : Renal cystic diseases comprise a mixed group of heritable, developmental and acquired disorders. Recently the use of imaging modalities such as ultrasonography and radionuclide scanning has increased the detection rate of renal cystic diseases. We studied to review the clinical features and treatment of renal cystic diseases in children. Methods : This study was performed in 95 children with renal cystic diseases in the Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center from October 1989 to June 2001. Results : In 95 patients, there were 55 cases(58.0%) with multicystic dysplastic kidney(MCDK), 19 cases(20.0%) with simple renal cysts, 13 cases(13.7%) with hereditary polycystic kidney diseases( 7 with autosomal recessive type, 5 with autosomal dominant type, 1 with undetermined), 6 cases(6.3%) with renal cysts in tuberous sclerosis and 1 case(1.0%) with medullary cystic disease. All MCDK patients had no renal dysfunction and hypertension during the follow-up period. Three out of 13 with polycystic kidney diseases had progressed to end-stage renal disease during the follow-up period. One case with a simple cyst underwent laparoscopic malsupialization for decompression. Conclusion : Renal cystic diseases have diverse clinicopathologic features and variable prognosis. We emphasize that routine follow-up should be performed to prevent and to detect early treatable complication in renal cystic diseases. Therefore, their natural history and treatment need further investigation and long term follow-up is required.