• Journal of National Security and Military Science
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• s.13
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• pp.137-658
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• 2016

1. Movement of the leaders of the Silla army The leaders of the Silla army traveled from Gyeongju(경주) to Icheon (이천), Deokjeokdo(덕적도) Island, and Hwangsanwon(황산원) during the period of the Against Baekje(백제) War that began in 660. Movement route between Gyeongju and Icheon : Gyeongju(경주)-Daegu(대구)-Gumi(구미)-Gimcheon(김천)-Chupungryeong(추풍령)-Geumdol Fortress(금돌성)-Boeun(보은)-Jincheon(진천)-Juksan(죽산)-Bubal-eup(부발읍) Movement route between Bubal-eup and Deokjeokdo Island : Bubal-eup(부발읍)-Ipo(이포) Ferry-Haengju(행주) Ferry-Palmido (팔미도) Island-Seonjaedo(선재도) Island-Yeongheungdo(영흥도) Island-Pido(피도) Island-Soyado(소야도) Island-Deokjeokdo(덕적도) Island Movement route between Deokjeokdo Island and Hwangsan: Deokjeokdo(덕적도) Island-Danghangpo(당항포)-Jincheon(진천)-Boeun (보은)-Okcheon(옥천)-Geumsan(금산)-Tanhyeon(탄현)-Hwangsan (황산)-Ganggyeong(강경)-Buyeo(부여) 2. Movement of the combat units of the Silla army Jincheon area : 4,325 persons of the Geupdang unit(急幢) and 611 persons of the Kaegeumdang unit(罽衿幢) were deployed. These units moved from Jincheon to Cheongju, Yeongi, and Gongju, and contained Ungjin Fortress(熊津城) (6,650 Baekje troops). Boeun area : 4,763 persons of the Daedang(大唐) unit, 3,548 persons of the Hajujeong unit(下州停), 3,017 persons of the Namcheonjeong unit(南川停), and 4,500 persons of the Saseoldang unit(四設幢) were deployed. These units moved from Boeun(보은) to Okcheon(옥천), Geumsan(금산), Tanhyeon,(탄현) and Hwangsan(황산). Geumdol Fortress area : 3,753 persons of the Sangjujeong unit(上州停), 5,762 persons of the Seodang unit(誓幢), 3,753 persons of the Guidang unit(貴幢), and 5,562 persons of the Nangdang uni(郎幢)t were deployed. These units moved from Geumdol Fortress to Hwanggan(황간), Yeongdong(영동), Geumsan(금산), Tanhyeon(탄현), and Hwangsan(황산). Jirye area: 3,017 persons of the Eumrihwajeong unit(音里火停) and 3,017 persons of the Ehwahyejeong unit(伊火兮停) were deployed. These units moved from Jirye(지례) to Juchiryeong(走峙嶺), Mupung (무풍), Muju-eup(무주읍), and Bunam-myeon(부남면) in Muju-gun. Goryeong area: 3,017 persons of the Samryanghwajeong unit(三良火停) and 3,017 persons of the Sosamjeong unit(召參停) were deployed. These units moved from Goryeong(고령) to Geochang(거창), Hamyang(함양), Namwon(남원), Sunchang(순창), and Jeongeup(정읍). 3. Movement of the Tang army Dangjin area(당진 방면) : 1,000 persons were deployed. These units moved from Dangjin(당진) to Myeoncheon(면천), Yesan(예산), and Imjon Fortress(임존성). Garijeo area(가리저 방면) : 1,000 persons were deployed in the Garijeo(加里渚) area. These units moved from Garijeo(가리저) to Myeoncheon(면천), Yesan(예산), and Imjon Fortress(임존성). Geumganggu area(금강구 방면) : 000 persons were deployed. These units moved from Geumganggu(금강구) to Ganggyeong(강경) and Sabi Fortress(사비성). 4. Baekje military deployment Total troops of the Baekje army : There were 60 thousand Baekje troops according to the Old Book of Tang(舊唐書). Troop deployment by the Baekje army: 62,230 persons were deployed in 15 regions: 1,000 in Dangjin(당진), 1,000 in Garijeo(가리저), 6,120 in Imjon Fortress(임존성), 1,120 in Namjam Fortress(남잠성), 1,350 in Dooryangyun Fortress(두량윤성), 870 in Wangheungsajam Fortress(왕흥사잠성), 6,650 in Ungjin Fortress(웅진성), 1,120 in Jinhyeon Fortress(진현성), 1,000 in Dooshiwonak(두시원악), 1,000 in Irye Fortress(이례성), 5,000 in Gosaburi Fortress(고사부리성), 5,000 in Gujiha Fortress(구지하성), 3,000 plus 3,000 in Gibeolpo and Yangan(기벌포 양안), 5,000 in Deukan Fortress(득안성), and 20,000 in Sabi Fortress(사비성).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.496-501
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• 2021

In this study, the marine agar-degrading bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. JH-1 was isolated, and its growth and agarase properties were investigated. Seawater was collected from the offshore of the Yonggung Temple in Busan, and agar-degrading bacteria were isolated and cultured with marine agar medium. The bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. JH-1 was isolated through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The extracellularly secreted enzyme was obtained from the culture broth of Pseudoalteromonas sp. JH-1 and was used to characterize its agarase. The extracellular agarase exhibited a maximum activity of 116.6 U/l at 50℃ and pH 6.0 of 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer. Relative activities were 31, 59, 94, 100, 45, and 31% at 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70℃, respectively. Relative activities were 49, 85, 100, 86, 81, and 67% at pH 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, respectively. Residual activity was more than 85% after exposure at 20, 30, and 40℃ for 2 hr, and more than 82% after exposure at 50℃ for 2 hr. Zymogram analysis confirmed that Pseudoalteromonas sp. JH-1 produced at least two agarases of 55 and 97 kDa. As the products of α-agarase and β-agarase have antioxidation, antitumor, skin-whitening, macrophage activation, and prebiotic effects, further studies are needed on the agarase of Pseudoalteromonas sp. JH-1.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.778-783
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• 2022

This study isolated a new agarase-producing bacterium and characterized its agarase. A new agar-degrading strain was isolated from the seashore of Namhae in Gyeongnam province, Korea, and was purely cultured using the Marine Agar 2216 media. The isolated bacterium was identified as Simiduia sp. SH-2 after 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The crude agarase was obtained from the culture medium of the Simiduia sp. SH-2 strain, and the agar-degrading activity was measured. The highest level of activity of the Simiduia sp. SH-2-derived agar-degrading enzyme was 625 U/l. Agar degradation activity was most significant at 40℃ and pH 7.0. Compared to the activity at 40℃, the relative activity was 31% at 20℃ and 71% at 30℃. Compared to the activity at pH 7.0, the relative activity was 94% and 89% at pH 6.0 and pH 8.0, respectively. Residual activity was greater than 96% after exposure to 20℃ and 30℃ for 2 hr and more than 49% after exposure to 40℃ for 2 hr. Simiduia sp. SH-2 was identified as a strain producing β-agarase that creates neoagarooligosaccharides, such as neoagarotetraose and neoagarohexaose. Therefore, the Simiduia sp. SH-2 strain and its β-agarase are expected to be useful functional material producers in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.