• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is compare the effects of two therapeutic processes-i) conservative Myofacial Release Technique along and ii) Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve stimuliation alone - on the increase in the range of motion(ROM) and on the decrease in patient's pain with chronic Neck pain. The subjects of the study were student with choronic neck pain in Daegu health university. Half of them (10) took conservative Myofacial Release Technique along and the others (10) took Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve stimuliation alone. I used 3D Motion analysis. The range of motion (ROM) in six areas-flexion, extension, left lateral flexion, right lateral flexion, left rotation, right rotation-to check the effectiveness of the two combinations of methods, measured pain with visual analogue scale (VAS) to see the effect on pain reduce. Assement was conducted to the groups before the treatment began and affer the four weeks treatment ended. This study shows that both groups demonstrated significant improvement in ROM increase and pain reduction. Flexion ROM increases were significant in MFR and TENS after treatment 2 weeks and 4 weeks. Extension ROM increases were significant in MFR and TENS after treatment 2 weeks. Right rotation ROM was no significant differences were found in MFR and TENS after treatment all weeks. Right lateral flexion ROM increases were significant in MFR and TENS after treatment 3 weeks. Left lateral flexion ROM increases were significant in MFR and TENS after treatment 1 weeks. But the others no significant differences were in MFR group and TENS group during 4 weeks.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.158-162
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• 2006

Background: It has been proposed that proprioceptive input can modulate neural excitability in both primary motor cortices (M1) simultaneously, although direct evidence for this is still lacking. Previous studies showed that proprioceptive accuracy of one hand is reduced after the application of one-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for 15 minutes over the contralateral somatosensory cortex. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rTMS-induced central proprioceptive deafferentation to excitability of both M1 as reflected in ipsilateral and contralateral motor evoked potentials (MEP). Methods: MEPs of both abductor pollicis bravis (APB) muscles were recorded using single-pulse TMS over right M1 in seven healthy subjects. Immediately after one-Hz rTMS was applied for 15 minutes over the right somatosensory cortex, the MEP measurement was repeated. The proprioceptive function of the left thumb was assessed, before and after rTMS, using a position-matching task. Results: There was an increase in ipsilateral MEP after the rTMS: whereas no MEPs were recorded on the ipsilateral hand before the rTMS, MEPs were recorded in both ipsilateral and contralateral hand in three of seven subjects. At the same time, the mean log amplitude was reduced and the mean latency was prolonged in the contralateral MEP. Conclusions: rTMS-induced central proprioceptive deafferentation reduces the MEP generation in the contralateral hand, and fascilitates that in the ipsilateral hand. A further study with a larger sample seems warranted to confirm this finding and to elucidate the neurophysiology underlying it.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.73-81
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• 1981

Experiments were conducted in ischemic decerebrate cats to study the effects of electroacupuncture and electrical stimulation of peripheral nerve on pain reaction. Flexion reflex was used as an index of pain. The reflex was elicited by stimulating the sural nerve(20 V, 0.5 msec duration) and recorded as a compound action potential from the nerve innervated to the semitendinosus muscle. Electroacupuncture was performed, using a 23-gauge hyperdermic needle, on the tsusanli point in the lateral upper tibia of the ipsilateral hindlimb. The common peroneal nerve was selected as a peripheral nerve which may be associated with electroacupuncture action, as it runs through the tissue portion under the tsusanli point. Both for electroacupuncture and the stimulation of common peroneal nerve a stimulus of 20 V-intensity, 2 msec-duration and 2 Hz-frequency was applied for 60 min. The results are summerized as follows: 1) The electroacupuncture markedly depressed the flexion reflex; this effect was eliminated by systemic application of naloxone $(0.02{\sim}0.12\;mg/kg)$, a specific narcotic antagonist. 2) Similarly, the electrical stimulation of the common peroneal nerve significantly depressed the flexion reflex, the effect being reversed by naloxone. 3) When most of the afferent nerves excluding sural nerve in the ipsilateral hindlimb were cut, the effect of electroacupuncture on the flexion reflex was not observed. Whereas direct stimulation of the common peroneal nerve at the proximal end from the cut resulted in a significant reduction of the flexion reflex, again the effect was reversible by naloxone application. 4) Transection of the spinal cord at the thoracic 12 did not eliminate the effect of peripheral nerve stimulation on the flexion reflex and its reversal by naloxone, although the effect was significantly less than that in the animal with spinal cord intact. These results suggest that: 1) the analgesic effect of an electroacupuncture is directly mediated by the nervous system and involves morphine-like substances in CNS, 2) the site of analgesic action of electroacupuncture resides mainly in the brainstem and in part in the spinal cord.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.75-81
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• 1968

According to recent observations of Cohen et al. the patterns of vestibular eye movements of rabbits are different from those of cats. However, the causes of such difference of the reflex eye movements in these species are not wholly explained. While the accumulated data obtained from cats appear to be established, experimental evidences in rabbits are rather meager. The author had re-examined the reflex eye movements of rabbits and attempted to find a mechanism which causes such difference in the reflex eye movements between two species. In anesthesized rabbit, unilateral individual semicircular canal nerve was stimulated selectively with a fine insulated electrode which was inserted through a hole made on the corresponding osseous canal, under a dissecting microscope. When an individual canal nerve was stimulated, the reflex movements of both eyes were observed, photographed, and recorded kymographically. Extraocular muscles were also studied to find their morphological characteristics and to correlate them with the function of the muscles. 1. At the beginning of the stimulation, both eyes moved to a specific direction depending upon the canal stimulated, and such directional eye movements were sustained during the whole course of stimulation. Amplitude of the eye movement showed graded responses to the increasing frequency of the stimulus, reaching to the maximal response at 200-300 cps. 2. Stimulation of the unilateral horizontal canal nerve caused conjugate eye movements, which was also observed in cats and other species by other investigators. 3. Stimulation of the unilateral vertical canal nerve caused a pattern of non-conjugate eye movements, which are different from those observed in cats. Such different patterns of vestibular eye movements in two different species are ascribable to the functional difference of the inferior and superior oblique muscles.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.141-155
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• 2000

This study was designed to evaluate the analgesic effect of bee venom (BV) Acupuncture into different treatment points, Chok-samni (ST36) and blank loci of the gluteal muscle and back. We investigated neuronal activity in the spinal cord using the Fos immunohistochemical technique according to the pretreatment with different concentrations of BV, thirty minutes before the formalin injection. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The number of Fos-like immunoreactive (Fos-LI) neurons in L2 segment of the saline-formalin treated group was significantly increased in NECK and VENT of the spinal cord as compared with that of the room control group. However, there was no significant change in the number of the Fos-LI neurons in L2 segment of the BV-formalin treated group as compared with that of the room control group. 2. The number of Fos-LI neurons in L3-5 segment of the saline-formalin group was significantly increased in all the regions of 142 the spinal cord as compared with that of the room control group. However, the Fos-LI neurons in L3-5 segment of the BV-formalin treated group was dramatically decreased in all the regions of the spinal cord as compared with that of the saline-formalin group. Therefore, these results indicated that the BV acupuncture suppressed the nociceptive neuronal activities in L3-5 of the spinal cord induced by formalin injection. 3. There was a strong positive correlation between the formalin-induced pain behavior and the number of the Fos-LI neurons in L3-5 segment.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.65-87
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• 2000

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of the bee venom(BV) aqua-acupuncture on the neuronal activities of catecholaminergic(tyrosine hydroxylase : TH, dopamine ${\beta}$ hydroxylase : D${\beta}$H) system in the brainstem. After the BV aqua-acupuncture was applied on Chok-Samni(ST36) and the gluteal part(Blank locus) in rats. Also, the number of colocalization between catecholamine containing neurons and Fos immunoreactive neurons were analyzed by using the double immunohistochemical technique. The results of the experiments were summarized as follows : 1. In DR and LC, Chok-Samni group and the Blank locus group showed more significant increase in the number of colocalization between TH containing neurons and Fos immunoreactive neurons than the control group. Furthermore, Chok-Samni group showed more significant increase than the Blank locus group. Also, in Arc, Chok-Samni group showed more significant increase than the Blank locus group and the control group. 2. In LC, Chok-Samni group showed more significant increase in the number of colocalization between D${\beta}$H containing neurons and Fos immunoreactive neurons than the Blank locus group and the control group. Also, in A5, Chok-Samni group and the Blank locus group showed more significant increase than the control group. Chok-Samni group showed more significant increase than the Blank locus group. However, there was no significant change in A7. Consequently, the BV aqua-acupuncture increased more potent the number of Fos immunoreactive neurons and the activity of catecholaminergic neurons. Furthermore, the BV aqua-acupuncture was more effective on Chok-Samni than Blank locus group. These results indicate that the BV aqua-acupuncture is very effective therapy to control pain. The therapeutic effect of BV aqua-acupunture may associated with the endogenous modulatory system such as catecholamine. Those data from the study can be applied to establish the effective treatment of the BV for pain control in the clinical field.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.31-39
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• 2007

Background: Cervical radicular pain can arise fromvarious structures, including spinal nerves, discs, zygapophyseal joints, ligaments, and myofascial connective tissue. However, no adequate experiments have been found regarding methods for the microadhesiolysis of adhesional connective tissue around the zygapophyseal joints and nerves. The first objective of this study was to ascertain the effect of fluoroscopy guided interventional microadhesiolysis and nerve stimulation (FIMS) on chronic cervical radicular pain caused by zygapophyseal joint dysfunction. The second objective was to identify the duration of pain alleviation, as well as commonly occurring regions for zygapophyseal joint dysfunction. Methods: Twenty-eight patients were diagnosed with cervical radicular pain. The cervical zygapophyseal joints and adhesional structures around the cervical zygapophyseal joints were stimulated by adhesiolysis with a rounded needle; the procedure was performed once every second week. A visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain and neck range of motion (ROM) were used as indices for evaluating the degree of pain 1 and 3 months after completion of the procedures. A relief effect of FIMS was accepted when the VAS index decreased 50% compared with a previous VAS, and when there was absence of limitation of ROM. Results: Among the patients, 52% showed zygapophyseal joint dysfunction in C5-6, 38% in C4-5, 7% in C2-3, and 3% in C6-7. After performing FIMS, the VAS index decreased in most of the patients after 1 and 3 months (92.8% and 75%, respectively), and treatment frequency was $2.7{\pm}1.2$. There was no correlation between the number of FIMS procedures and the degree of VAS. Conclusions: FIMS is considered an effective modality in patients suffering from cervical radicular pain.

• 센서학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.52-61
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• 2001

이 논문에서는 선택적 주의 집중 기능을 갖는 도약 안구 시각 시스템을 제안한다. Saliency map 모델은 주어진 자연 영상에 대하여 선택위치를 순차적으로 출력하여 시선 이동 경로를 발생시킨다. 발생한 선택위치로의 신속한 움직임을 위하여 도약 안구 운동 모델을 개발하였다. 도약 안구 운동 모델은 시각 자극에 의한 반사적 도약 안구 운동 발생 시각 경로를 세 부분으로 구분하고, 시각 경로에 포함되는 뇌 조직들의 기능 및 역할이 반영되도록 각각의 세부 경로를 서로 다른 신경회로망을 이용하여 모델 하였다. 구현한 Saliency map 모델과 도약 안구운동 모델을 기반으로 한 능동 시각 시스템을 CCD 카메라와 BLDC 모터를 이용하여 실제 구성하고, 제안한 능동 시각 시스템이 실제 도약 안구의 움직임을 잘 추종하는지를 실험을 통하여 검증하였다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.141-146
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• 2006

Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) has been proposed as a possible way to improve the control of refractory epilepsy. We report the effects following VNS treatment in patients with refractory epilepsy. Seventeen patients with a mean age of 12.8 years, ranging from 5 to 29 years, underwent the implantation of vagal nerve stimulation (Cyberonics, Houston, TX). We reviewed the clinical findings before and after VNS in seizure frequency, number of antiepileptic drugs (AED), and quality of life (QOL). All of the patients had intractable seizures, eleven of the patients had additional medical complications, three had hippocampus atrophy, one had encephalomalacia, five had encephalitis, one had pachygyria, and one had schizencephaly. Thirteen patients had symptomatic partial epilepsies, three patients had Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and one had cryptogenic partial epilepsy. The mean follow up duration was 35 months. The mean reduction of seizure frequency compared with baseline before VNS was 26.1% after 3 months (p<0.005), 41.9% after 6 months (p<0.001), 46.9% after 1 year (p<0.001), and 53% at the latest follow-up (p<0.001). Twelve patients showed an improvement of QOL such as mood, language, alertness, expression, and motor function. The most common side effects were transient hoarseness or voice change or cough, which was detected in six patients (35%) and wound infection in one patient (5%). This study has shown a good anti-seizure effect of VNS, decrease in seizure frequency and improvements in QOL. We concluded that VNS is a beneficial therapy in refractory epilepsy with a non-resectable epileptic focus. Further studies should be focused on the prediction of unresponsiveness and the adjustment of VNS parameters for maximum efficacy in patients with various medical histories.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.13-23
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• 2019

Background: The purpose of this study was to provide the basis for the treatment intervention by identifying the treatment effect when rehabilitation intervention is applied to patients with dysphagia due to stroke and by comparing the results of the treatment mediation according to the differences of the treatment methods and frequency. Design: Randomized Controlled Trial. Methods: 30 people diagnosed with dysphagia due to stroke were divided in accordance with the differences in treatment mediation techniques and treatment frequency- traditional swallowing rehabilitation coupled with neuromuscular electrical stimulation group and only neuromuscular electrical stimulation group/ 5 times per week group and 2 times per week group, and ten weeks of treatment intervention was performed. Paired t test was employed to show the efficacy of treatment intervention, Independent sample t test was used to compare the results according to difference and number of treatment intervention techniques. Results: There was a significant positive effect of treatment on traditional swallowing rehabilitation coupled with neuromuscular electrical stimulation group, only neuromuscular electrical stimulation group, 5 times per week group and 2 times per week group (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in treatment effect between traditional swallowing rehabilitation coupled with neuromuscular electrical stimulation group and only neuromuscular electrical stimulation group (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in treatment effect between 5 times per week group and 2 times per week group (p<0.05). Conclusion: There was no significant difference according to the technique or number of treatments of swallowing rehabilitation treatment interventions, but it was confirmed that rehabilitation intervention for dysphagia showed positive treatment effect.