• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.86-88
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• 1997

Regional sympathetic blockade is the most effective treatment for reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD). Radiofrequency thermocoagulation provides longer duration of pain relief than local anesthetics and less complication than chemical neurolytic agents for lumbar sympathectomy. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is thought to be an effective modality yieding good results in treating intractable neuropathic pain. Therefore RSD might be a good indication for SCS. We treated a patient with RSD who responded well to lumbar sympathetic blockade (LSB) with radiofrequency thermocoagulation and SCS. The patient had a left ankle sprain requiring a case for the lower leg for 2 weeks. The patient suffered increasing pain and swelling on the lower part of that leg. We thought to block the lumbar sympathetic chain utillzing radiofrequency thermocoagulation 2 days after LSB with local anesthetics. The results provided accepatable pain relief (VAS $8{\rightarrow}15$) but the patient still could not walk due to remaining pain which was further aggravated by walking. After SCS, pain relief improved (VAS $5{\rightarrow}13$) and patient could walk without assistance.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.143-148
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• 2000

Background: Trigeminovascular system is implicated in the pathophysiology of the headache in migraine. This study was designed to evaluate the pattern of Fos protein expression in trigeminal nociceptive central pathway after meningeal stimulation of rats by capsaicin. Methods: The expression of Fos protein was examined by immunohistochemistry in thalamus, brainstem and upper cervical cord (at three levels corresponding to obex, 0.8 mm and 2 mm below obex) 2 hours after intracisternal injection of either diluted capsaicin solution (0.1 ml, $61{\mu}g/ml$) or normal saline (0.1 ml) through a catheter placed in the cisterna magna, or following epidural instillation of diluted capsaicin solution in urethane-anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Results: Fos immunoreactivity was strongly expressed within lamina I, II of bilateral trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) after cisternal capsaicin injection and magnitude of expression was greatest at level 2.0 mm below obex. Epidural capsaicin caused much less labelling than cisternal capsaicin. Fos positive cells were also observed in area postrema, nucleus of the solitary tract, medullary reticular nucleus and midline nuclear groups of the thalamus with similar intensity between capsaicin and control group. Conclusions: These results indicate that the injection of capsaicin into the cisterna magna is an effective stimulus for the induction of Fos protein within TNC through activation of trigeminovascular afferents and this animal model can be useful for the evaluation of the pathophysiology and drug development in migraine and related headache.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.954-958
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• 2000

In the removal of small subcortical lesion in the eloquent area like sensory-motor cortex, the prevention of neurologic deficit is important. We present our technique of identification of M-1, S-1 cortex in a case of subcortical granuloma located in sensorymotor cortex. To accurately localize mass, stereotactic craniotomy was planned. At the beginning of procedure, functional MRI of motor cortex was done with stereotactic headframe in place. Next, the stereotactic craniotomy about 4 cm was done under propofol anesthesia for cortical mapping. After reflection of dura, central sulcus was identified with phase-reversal response of intraoperative SEP(somatosensory evoked potential) of contralateral median nerve. Then the patient was awakened, and direct cortical stimulation was done. We observed the muscle contractions of elbow, hand and fingers and the paresthesia over forearm, hand, fingers on the M-1 and S-1 cortex. Through cortical mapping and stereotactic guidance, we concluded that the mass lie immediately posterior to central sulcus, then the mass was carefully removed through small transsulcal approach, opening about 1 cm of rolandic sulcus.

• 한국조명전기설비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국조명전기설비학회 2004년도 학술대회 논문집
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• pp.203-208
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• 2004

현재 대도시에는 자동차 배기가스, 공장의 매연, 담배연기 등으로 양(+)이온이 많은 오염된 공기 환경을 이루고 있는 바, 양(+)이온이 많은 오염된 공기는 두통, 초조, 현기증 등 불쾌한 부정기적인 호소를 유발할 뿐만 아니라, 인체 조직의 세포를 산화, 자율 신경을 자극시키고 혈액순환 작용을 악화시켜는 등 각종 질병을 유발하고 노화를 촉진시키게 되는 문제점이 있다. 이에 빛을 방사하는 조명기구로부터 인체에 매우 유익한 음(-)이온과 원적외선도 방사시켜서 혈액순환촉진, 인체 조직 활성화, 신진대사촉진, 체내 노폐물, 유해금속 배출 둥 인체에 매우 유익한 생체효과를 미치는 기능성 반사판을 사용함으로써 오염된 양(+)이온으로부터 산화된 체질을 환원시키며, 기분을 상쾌하게 하고, 자연 치유력을 높이며, 세포가 활성화되어 피로회복이 쉽게 되고, 호흡기능을 높이는 등 보다 활력적인 인체 건강을 유지하고 질병의 예방 및 치유를 도모하는 다기능<음(-)이온 & 원적외선>반사판 조명기구를 개발하고, 그의 생물학적 효능을 검증하는 실험을 실시하였다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제10권9호
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• pp.285-292
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• 2010

본 연구는 8방향 경사와 회전운동이 만성요통환자의 통증과 동적균형에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 시행되었다. 20명의 만성요통환자가 실험에 참여하였다. 10명(실험군)은 물리치료기구[온열팩{Hot Pack(H/P), 경피신경자극{Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation(TENS)}, 초음파{Ultra Sound(U/S)}]를 이용한 치료를 받은 후에 8방향 경사와 회전운동을 실시하였고 나머지 10명(대조군)은 물리치료기구를 이용한 치료만 실시되었다. 치료 중재는 주 3회, 6주 동안 적용되었다. 동적균형과 통증은 Star Excursion Balance Test(SEBT)과 Visual Analog Scale(VAS)를 이용하여 측정하였다. VAS 점수는 두 그룹 모두 감소하였으나 실험군에서 보다 유의하게 감소하였다. 동적균형 능력 또한 실험군에서 보다 유의한 증가를 나타내었다. 따라서 8방향 경사와 회전운동은 만성요통환자의 통증과 동적균형에 효과가 있었다고 사료된다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.5-15
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of electroanalgeia and $\beta-endorphin$ action by acupuncture-like (Lof/Hil) transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) applied to acupuncture points. Twelve healthy adult male aged between 19 ann 25 were randomly assigned to TENS group (n=6) and naloxone group (n=6). Subjects of both groups were strongly stimulated TENS with 4 pps and $200{\mu}s$ for 30 minutes on the LI 3 and LI 10 meridian points of dominant am. Naloxone group was injected naloxone hydrochloride before TENS application. The experimental pain threshold was measured by chronaxie meter CX-2 on the distal end of radius just before and after TENS application. The levels of plasma $\beta-endorphin$ and ACTH. serum cortisol and urinary 17-OHCS were analyzed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) kits before and after TENS application. In TENS group, there was a significant increase of experimental pain threshold (p<0.01), plasma $\beta-endorphin$ level (p<0.05), serum cortisol level (p<0,001) and urinary 17-OHCS levels (p<0.05) after TENS application. The plasma ACTH level was not significantly increased, but it showed an increasing tendency. In naloxone group, although there was a decreasing trend, ACTH and cortisol level did not show a significant change, but $\beta-endorphin$ and 17-OHCS level were significantly decreased (p<0.01). The result of this study stewed that acupuncture-like TENS induced analgesic effect, such that the levels of plasma $\beta-endorphin$, plasma ACTH, serum cortisol and urinary 17-OHCS were concomitantly increased with experimental pain threshold. It is suggested that the analgesic mechanism of the acupuncture-like TENS probably related to endogenous opioid component such as $\beta-endorphin$.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.280-289
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to determine the stimulation variables which should be considered when neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is applied for a muscle under the normal innervation to minimize muscle fatigue and increase force-generating ability. Methods: A total of 23 healthy men participated in the study and all subjects were randomly assigned to the 1:1 group, 1:3 group, 1:5 group, and control group with on-off ratio of NMES. The subjects performed a fatigue task, consisting of 10 times of isometric contraction sustained by NMES. NMES using Russian current stimulation was applied to muscle fatigue and divided into three sessions by pulse frequency (10 bps, 30 bps, 90 bps). The EMG was recorded using an MP 100 system from the quadriceps femoris muscle in four groups. Results: The differences of delta MdF and delta MF of between on-off ratio groups of 10 bps, 30 bps, and 90 bps pulse frequencies were very significant (p<0.05). According to the results of post hoc of 10, 90 bps, it was greater in the 1:1 group and the 1:3 group compared with the 1:5 group, and no fatigue was observed in the control group. In 30 bps, it was greater in the 1:1 group compared with 1:3, 1:5, and control group (p<.05). Conclusion: Among NMES variables to minimize muscle fatigue, the larger on-off ratio by pulse frequency showed the lower muscle fatigue. Therefore, on-off ratio needs to be great enough, and will be more efficient with the frequency 30 bps rather than of 10 bps and 90 bps.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.487-498
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• 2010

Purpose : To investigate the immediate effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS) on the spasticity and the balance in the stroke patients. Methods : 26 subjects with spasticity over lower limbs were allocated randomly into two groups : (1) TENS group, (2) placebo-TENS group. TENS was applied on the both gastrocnemius for 60 minutes(100 Hz, 0.25 ms, 2 times sensory threshold). The modified Ashworth Scale(MAS) and Manual Muscle Tester were used to assess the spasticity of the ankle plantar flexors. Static balance under three conditions was measured by force-plate; in (1) the condition of standing with eyes opened, (2) with eyes closed and (3) the condition of standing on unstable surface with eyes opened. Results : When compared with the pre and post TENS application, TENS showed significant reduction of ankle spasticity in MAS and MMT measurement. Also, Application of high-frequency TENS improved the balance under three conditions. Conclusion : A single session of TENS to stroke patients could reduce spasticity and improve the balance.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.169-176
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• 1983

It is well known that the acupuncture has been used effectively for the relief of certain types of pain. Although the precise mechanism of action of acupuncture analgesia is unknown, it is generally accepted that their analgesic properties are related to the activation of endogenous opiate system in central nervous system. And it is suggested that pain-relieving properties of acupunture may be related to a stimulation of peripheral nerve underlying the acupuncture point on the skin. However, the efficacy of acupuncture has no relationship between the site of pain and the acupuncture point. Consequently, the present study was undertaken to investigate electroacupuncture analgesia in relation to the site of peripheral nerve stimulation. Cats were decerebrated ischemically and the flexion reflex as an index of pain was elicited by stimulating the sural nerve (20V, 0.5 msec duration) and recored as a compound action potential from the nerve innervated to the posterior biceps femoris muscle in the ipsilateral hindlimb. Bilateral common peroneal nerve and contralateral superficial radial nerve were selected as the site of peripheral nerve stimulation. For the stimulation of peripheral nerve, a stimulus of 20 V intensity, 2 msec-duration and 2 Hz-frequency was applied for 60 min respectively. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) Both stimulation of contralateral common peronal nerve and contralateral superficial radial nerve did not change the flexion reflex and there were no significant differences between them. 2) Stimulation of ipsilateral common peroneal nerve markedly depress the flexion reflex, the effect being reversed by naloxone application. These results suggest that stimulation of ipsilateral common peroneal nerve has the analgesic effect but both stimulation of contralteral common peroneal nerve and contralateral superficial radial nerve to the pain site where flexion reflex was elicited have no analgesic effect.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.23-31
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• 1975

The effects of ethanol intravenously administered on the mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate responses to electrical stimulation of vagus nerve and the hypothalamus were studied in the cats. Also investigated were the effects of ethanol on the cardiovascular responses to bilateral carotid occlusion and to intravenously injected epinephrine and acetylcholine separately. The results obtained from the present study were as follows; 1. In 1.0 ml/kg and 2.0 ml/kg of ethanol infused groups the mean arterial blood pressure increased gradually and reached plateaus in 10 minutes after ethanol infusion while no marked changes in blood pressure were observed in 0.5 ml/kg of ethanol infused group. 2. The pressor responses elicited by the electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus were depressed directly proportionally to amount of ethanol infused. In 0.5 ml/kg of ethanol infused group the pressor response was reduced to 84.5% of control value and it declined to 17.0% of control in 2.0 ml/kg of ethanol infused group. 3. After ethanol administration the heart rate decreased slightly and also was decreased positive chronotropic effect elicited by hypothalamic stimulation. In several cases even negative chronotropic responses were observed during electrical stimulation in the hypothalamus. 4. Since the pressor responses to bilateral carotid occlusion was reduced by ethanol administration it is suggested that activity of baroreceptor is inhibited by ethanol. 5. No changes were observed in the negative chronotropic effect Produced by electrical stimulation of the vegus nerve of ethanol infused animal. And cardiovascular responses to intravenously injected epinephrine and acetylcholine were not influenced by ethanol either.