• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.17-28
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• 1998

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of different stimulation-duration of high frequency electroacupuncturet(EA) treatment on the neuronal activities in the spinal cord and brainstem using Fos immunohistochemical technique. Three different stimulus-duration was used in this experiment : 30minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours. The summerized results were summerized as follow : 1. The number of Fos expression was significantly increased in the spinal cord dorsal horn depending upon the increase of stimulus-duration (P<0.05). Otherwise, there was no significant difference between 30 minutes EA treated group and anesthetic control. 2. High frequency EA biphasic stimulation significantly enhanced the Fos expression in the DR, middle and rostral portion of PAG LD, and caudal PAG LV after 1 hour and 2 hours treatment. The number of Fos immunoreactive neuron in the brainstem was increased accorcting to the length of stimulus-duration. Those results indicate that at least 1 hour EA treatment was necessary to increase the neuronal activities in the spinal cord and brainstem. Those basic data from this study can be applied to establish the effective treatment of EA for pain control in the clinical field.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2020

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of integrating transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation into treadmill gait training by applying functional electrical stimulation on the spasticity, balance, and gait ability of chronic stroke patients METHODS: Twenty participants were assigned randomly to two groups: the treadmill gait training group with applied functional electrical stimulation (FES) with integrated transcutaneous electricalstimulation (TENS) (experimental group, EG, n = 10) and the treadmill gait training group with FES (control group, CG, n = 10). Both groups received treadmill gait training with FES for 30 minutes a time, four times a week, during five weeks. The experimental group received additional TENS on their L3, L5, and S2 dermatome for 30 minutes before the interventions. The spasticity, balance, and gait ability were evaluated before and after the training to compare the intergroup and intragroup changes. RESULTS: Both groups showed significant improvements in the static, dynamic balance, and gait ability (p < .05), but did not show any significant changes in the muscle tone. The EG showed significant improvements in the static balance ability and gait cycle compared to the CG (p < .05). CONCLUSION: Treadmill gait training combined with FES with integrated TENS is an effective method for improving the static balance and gait cycle. On the other hand, the effects of treadmill gait training with FES on spasticity need to be studied further.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.66-72
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to determine a more effective method for shoulder pain reduction. Forty-five normal subjects were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups a control group, an acupuncture-like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(ALTENS) group, and a silver spike point(SSP) group. Each person in the ALTENS and SSP groups was measured for pressure pain threshold before and after a 20 minute treatment. The control group was also checked for pressure pain threshold before and after a 20 minute period but no "treatment" was given. The major findings were as follows ; 1)The ALTENS and SSP groups showed significant differences before and after treatment but the control group showed no significant difference. 2)When the three groups were compared, the only significant difference was between the SSP group and the control group. As mentioned above, it may be concluded that both ALTENS and SSP therapy were effective in reducing shoulder pain when measured directly after treatment. However, SSP did not show any superior effect. Further study should be done to determine the effective the maintained pain reduction with post-treatment time lapse.

• 융합정보논문지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.188-197
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• 2020

본 연구는 관절가동술 후 두 가지 유형의 전기치료 방법을 각각 적용하였을 때 유방암 환자의 어깨 가쪽돌림 가동범위와 통증에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위해 실시하였다. 유방절제술을 시행한 유방암 환자 30명을 STMG (관절가동술+비침습적 무통증 신호 전기치료) 15명과 TENMG (관절가동술+경피신경전기자극) 15명으로 나누었다. 중재는 4주간 주 3회, 1회당 1시간씩 실시하였다. 측정은 어깨 가쪽 돌림 관절가동범위(Range of motion, ROM), 통증(Visual analog scale)을 측정하였다. 중재 전·후 두 군 모두 어깨 가쪽돌림 관절가동범위, 통증에서 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<.05). STMG는 어깨 가쪽 돌림 관절가동범위를 제외하고 TENMG보다 통증 감소에서 더욱 효과적이었다(p<.05). 유방암 절제술 환자의 통증을 경감시키기 위해서는 STMG이 TENMG보다 더욱 효과가 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 다양한 차이를 확인하기 위해 대조군을 더하고, 더 많은 대상자가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2004

관절연골은 우리의 일상생활중 또는 스포츠나 여가활동과 같이 다양한 활동중에 발생되는 역학적 부하를 조절하는 기능적 구성요소이다. 관절연골의 구성과 생화학적 구조 및 물리학적 특성간 사이의 상호작용은 적은 마찰과, 마모에 저항하는 성실, 충격의 흡수와 분산에 중요한 역할을 한다. 그러나 이 관절연골의 퇴행성 변화가 발생하게 되면 관절연골 자체의 기능장해 뿐만 아니라 관절의 다른 구성요소에도 손상을 축적시키게 되어 종국에는 관절 전체 구성요소의 장애와 기능적 수준의 감소로 이끌어간다. 관절연골의 퇴행을 일으키는 원인으로는 외상, 퇴행성질환, 류마티스질환 신경근질환, 관절구축등 여러 가지 질병으로 인하여 발생될 수 있다. 그러나 이러한 질병을 중재하고 치료하기 위하여 역학적 부하나 관절가동을 제한하는 고정도 연골의 생합성기능에 영향을 미쳐 연골의 퇴행성 변화를 촉진하게 된다. 건강한 기능을 수행하기 위해서는 적절한 관절부하와 관절운동을 통한 역학적 자극이 제공되어야 하며 물리치료영역에서 접하는 고정환자에 대한 적절한 역학적 자극 제공 방안이 마련되어야 할 것이다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.65-73
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of electroacupuncture(EA) and transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation(TENS) after sciatic nerve crush injury in rats. Methods: The EA for experimental group I (Exp I, n=15) and TENS for experimental group II (Exp II, n=15) was applied from post-injury day(PD) 1 to PD 14 after sciatic nerve injury using low frequency stimulator that gave electrical stimulation(15min/60Hz). In order observe the effect of EA and TENS, this study examined GAP-43 expression in rat lumbar spinal cord at the PD 1, PD 7 and PD 14. In addition, the stride length(SL) and toe out angle(TOA) were measured at the PD 7 and PD 4. Results; Exp I and Exp II had higher GAP-43 immunoreactivity than control group(PD 1, 7, 14). The SL of Exp I and Exp II were significantly higher than control group(PD 7, 14). The TOA of Exp I and Exp II were significantly lower than control group(PD 7, 14). Conclusion: EA and TENS application increased motor nerve recovery and expression of GAP-43 immunoreactivity after sciatic nerve crush injury. Therefore effect of TENS and EA had similar effect on nerve regeneration and functional recovery.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.241-249
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• 1997

The aim of the present study is to examine the brainstem sites where the electrical stimulation produces a suppression of dorsal horn neuron responses of neuropathic rats. An experimental neuropathy was induced by a unilateral ligation of L5-L6 spinal nerves of rats. Ten to 15 days after surgery, the spinal cord was exposed and single-unit recording was made on wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons in the dorsal horn. Neuronal responses to mechanical stimuli applied to somatic receptive fields were examined to see if they were modulated by electrical stimulation of various brainstem sites. Electrical stimulation of periaqueductal gray (PAG), n. raphe magnus (RMg) or n. reticularis gigantocellularis (Gi) significantly suppressed responses of WDR neurons -to both noxious and non-noxious stimuli. Electrical stimulation of other brainstem areas, such as locus coeruleus. (LC) and n. reticularis paragigantocellularis lateralis (LPGi), produced little or no suppression. Microinjection of morphine into PAG, RMg, or Gi also produced a suppression as similar pattern to the case of electrical stimulation, whereas morphine injection into LC or LPGi exerted no effects. The results suggest that PAG, NRM and Gi are the principle brainstem nuclei involved in the descending inhibitory systems responsible for the control of neuropathic pain. These systems are likely activated by endogenous opioids and exert their inhibitory effect by acting on WDR neurons in the spinal cord.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.43-52
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• 2017

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the impact of exercise with that of functional electrical stimulation (FES) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on muscle tone, calf muscle stiffness, and balance ability in patients with stroke. METHODS: Thirty patients with stroke were randomly divided into an FES group (n=15) and a TENS group (n=15), and a progressive task-oriented exercise was assigned to them. These exercises were performed non-synchronously from December 5, 2016 to January 31, 2017. Patients underwent TENS and simultaneously exercised for 30 minutes daily, 5 times a week for 4 weeks. To determine the effect of the interventions, muscle tone and stiffness of the medial and lateral region of gastrocnemius muscle were measured using the MyotonPRO instrument and balance was assessed using the Berg Balance Scale. RESULTS: Both groups revealed a significant decrease in muscle tone and stiffness of the medial part of gastrocnemius muscle before and after the interventions (p<.05). Berg Balance Scale scores increased significantly (p<.05). However, none of the other parameters were significantly different (p>.05). CONCLUSION: Our results prove that progressive task-oriented exercise along with FES and TENS decreases muscle tone and stiffness of the gastrocnemius muscle in patients with stroke and improves balance. TENS could serve as a complementary replacement for functional electrical stimulation for in-house training, as TENS poses less risk of muscle fatigue and has lesser contraindications than does functional electrical stimulation.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.39-52
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• 2009

Objectives : Cue reactivity is a key factor that modulates motivational goal-directed behavior associated with compulsive drug-taking and relapse. We investigated whether acupuncture attenuated the skin conductance response and the heart rate response to smoking-related visual cues in smokers. Methods : Twenty-nine smokers were treated with real acupuncture (RA) or sham acupuncture (SA). The stress response inventory was measured on the 5th day after quitting smoking. The skin conductance response and the heart rate were measured to evaluate the autonomic changes to the smoking related visual cues on the same day. Results : The sympathetic alterations in skin conductance and the heart rate induced by the smoking-related visual cues were significantly lower in the RA group, as compared to the SA group. The stress response inventory, such as somatization and frustration, in the RA group was significantly lower than that of the SA group. Conclusions : Acupuncture ameliorated the stress symptoms as well as the sympathetic activation to smoking cues during withdrawal. These findings indicate that acupuncture might be a useful tool in smoking cessation by inhibiting smoking cues-induced autonomic responses.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.203-214
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• 2006

치수는 상아질로 둘러싸인 간엽조직으로 다양한 세포와 기저 물질들로 구성되어 있으며 혈관과 신경조직이 분포되어 있다. 치수의 염증은 조직의 분해를 야기하며 이는 Matrix Metalloproteinase에 의해 세포 외 기질의 분해가 촉진되어 병적인 과정을 거치게 된다. 이에 Lipopolysaccharide에 의한 MMP와 inflammatory cytokine의 유도와 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)에 의한 염증매개 물질의 조절에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 사람의 치수세포를 다양한 LPS농도에 노출시킨 후 24시간째 MMP-2, MMP-9의 변화를 보고 LPS에 의해 자극된 치수세포에서 ICAM-1, VCAM-1, $IL-1{\beta},\;TNF-{\alpha}$의 분비가 증가됨을 알 수 있었다. 또한 Adenovirus $PPAR{\gamma}\;(Ad/PPAR{\gamma})$와 $PPAR{\gamma}$ agonist인 rosiglitazone를 LPS로 자극된 치수세포에 처리하였을 때 48시간째 MMPs와 Adhesion molecules, cytokines의 감소를 확인하였다. 이로써 사람의 치수세포에서 $PPAR{\gamma}$가 가지는 항 염증효과에 대해 지속적 인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.