• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.323-323
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• 2023

유역의 증발산량 자료는 물순환 과정을 규명하는 매우 중요한 자료 중의 하나이며, 물순환 성분별 명확한 산정 결과는 수자원 개발과 물환경 보전에 중요한 정보를 제공할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 임진강 유역(유역출구(한강합류점) 기준, 유역면적 8,138.9km²)을 대상으로 5개년(2018~2022) 기상관측자료를 이용하여 증발산량을 산정하였으며, 그 외의 수문관측자료를 통해 물수지 분석도 수행하였다. 증발산량 산정은 세계식량기구(FAO)에서 제시한 Penman-Monteith equation을 적용하여 일별증발산량을 산정하였으며, 작물의 종류에 따른 계수는 잔디의 경우를 채택하였다. 본 방정식을 통해 산정된 증발산량(ET_o)은 기준작물에 수분의 공급에 제한이 없는 상황에서 산정된 기준 증발산량(reference evapotranspiration)을 의미하며, 기준 증발산량을 실제 증발산량으로 변환하기 위해서는 작물계수를 고려해야 한다. 작물계수는 식생의 높이, 알베도, 식생의 저항, 토양으로부터의 증발 등의 영향을 받게 되나, 더욱더 명확하게는 식물에서의 증산을 설명하는 기본 작물계수와 토양에서의 증발을 설명하는 토양계수의 합을 통해 계수를 산정하게 된다. 임진강 유역에 공간적으로 분포된 작물계수를 정확히 산정하기에는 한계가 있으므로 잔디의 경우로 한정하여 산정된 기준 증발량은 833.0mm(5개년 평균값)이다. 각 물순환 성분별로 생성된 임진강 유역의 5개년 평균값인 유역평균강우량은 1,412.9mm이며, 하천유출량은 804.9mm(유역평균강우량 대비 57.0%), 실제 증발산량은 442.3mm(유역평균강우량 대비 31.3%, 기준 증발산량 대비 약 53.0%), 유역저류량은 165.7mm(유역평균강우량 대비 11.7%)이다. 유역평균강우량은 8개 관측소(양덕, 원산, 신계, 개성, 평강, 철원, 동두천, 파주) 강우량의 유역평균값이며, 하천유출량은 유역출구의 상류 관측소인 비룡대교 관측소(유역면적 6,784.0km²) 유출량의 유역면적비 적용값이다. 실제 증발산량은 기준 증발산량 산정값에 해당 유역내 존재하는 설마천 유역의 기준 증발산량과 실제 증발산량 비율(약 53.0%)을 적용한 값이며, 유역저류량은 전제적인 물수지 분석을 통해 얻어진 추정값이다. 이와 같이 산정된 물순환 성분별 자료는 유역의 물순환 과정 규명을 위한 기초자료로 매우 유용하게 활용될 수 있으며, 유역 물관리를 위한 의사결정 과정에 중요한 역할을 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.322-322
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• 2023

유역의 증발산량 자료는 물순환 과정을 규명하는 매우 중요한 자료 중의 하나이며, 물순환 성분별 명확한 산정 결과는 수자원 개발과 물환경 보전에 중요한 정보를 제공할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 한국건설기술연구원에서 운영하는 설마천 유역(전적비교 수위관측소 기준, 유역면적 8.48km²)의 5개년(2018~2022) 기상관측자료를 이용하여 증발산량을 산정하였으며, 그 외 강우량, 하천유출량, 지하수함양량 자료를 이용하여 물수지 분석도 수행하였다. 증발산량 산정은 세계식량기구(FAO)에서 제시한 Penman-Monteith equation을 적용하여 일별 증발산량을 산정하였으며, 작물의 종류에 따른 계수는 잔디의 경우를 채택하였다. 본 방법을 통해 산정된 증발산량(ET₀)은 기준작물에 수분의 공급에 제한이 없는 상황에서 산정된 기준 증발산량(reference evapotranspiration)을 의미하며, 기준 증발산량을 실제 증발산량으로 변환하기 위해서는 작물계수를 고려해야 한다. 작물계수는 식생의 높이, 알베도, 식생의 저항, 토양으로부터의 증발 등의 영향을 받게 되나, 더욱더 명확하게는 식물에서의 증산을 설명하는 기본 작물계수와 토양에서의 증발을 설명하는 토양계수의 합을 통해 계수를 산정하게 된다. 설마천 유역에 공간적으로 분포된 작물계수를 정확히 산정하기에는 한계가 있으므로 잔디의 경우로 한정하여 산정된 기준증발량은 885.9mm(5개년 평균값)이다. 각 물순환 성분별로 생성된 설마천 유역의 5개년 평균값인 유역평균강우량은 1,307.3mm이며, 하천유출량은 799.7mm(유역평균강우량 대비 61.2%), 실제 증발산량은 469.5mm(유역평균강우량 대비 35.9%, 기준 증발산량 대비 약 53.0%), 유역저류량은 38.1mm(유역평균강우량 대비 2.9%)이다. 유역평균강우량은 3개 관측소(감악산, 설마리, 전적비교) 강우량의 유역평균값이며, 하천유출량은 유역출구의 수위-유량관계곡선식 환산유량, 유역저류량은 과거년(2012~2018)의 지하수 관측자료를 통해 산정된 지하수함양량을 기초로 하였다. 그리고 실제 증발산량은 기준 증발산량 산정값과 전체적인 물수지 분석을 통해 얻어진 값이다. 이와 같이 산정된 물순환 성분별 자료는 유역의 물순환 과정 규명을 위한 기초자료로 매우 유용하게 활용될 수 있으며, 유역 물관리를 위한 의사결정 과정에 중요한 역할을 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.289-298
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate salt marsh flora and vegetation in the mouth of Mankyeong river estuary area where has a project for Sea Man Geum Reclaimed Land so that we can foster a foundation on restoration of an ecological habitat, development of applicable plants and establishment of a conservation policy after developing the reclaimed land for salt marsh vegetation which has great ecological value. As a result of this research, there are 10 families 25 genera 29 species and 3 varieties of vascular plants in the Mankyong-river estuary area. These are 0.76% among 4,191 of Korean vascular plants. There are also 5 families 6 genera 6 species and 1 varietiy of the naturalized plants which are 7 taxa in total and 3.85% of indicators of naturalized plants. Firstly, a district of low tide marsh has below 5% of vegetation coverage of Suaeda japonica and the vegetation cover was increasing rapidly while moving to a place of high tide marsh which is in the direction to a bank. In general, a range of from low tide marsh to high tide marsh is distributed with sequence of Suaeda japonica$\rightarrow$Suaeda maritima$\rightarrow$Suaeda japonica$\rightarrow$Aster tripolium$\rightarrow$Artemisia scoparia$\rightarrow$Carex scabrifolia$\rightarrow$Zoysia sinica$\rightarrow$Phragmites australis$\rightarrow$Phacelurus latifolius. Suaeda japonica has the highest dominance among the species composition and Aster tripolium, Phragmites australis, Artemisia scoparia, Carex scabrifolia and Phacelurus latifolius are distributed as zonation or patch. By the Z-M method eleven plant communities were recognized; Suaeda japonica, Suaeda japonica-Suaeda maritima, Suaeda maritima, Suaeda japonica-Aster tripolium, Aster tripolium, Phragmites australis, Carex scabrifolia, Phacelurus latifolius, Artemisia scoparia-Aster tripolium, Paspalum distichum var. indutum and Aster tripolium-Artemisia scoparia community. The actual vegetation map was constructed of the grounds of the communities classified and other data.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.272-287
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• 2019

The Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) was established in 1953 by the Korean War Armistice Agreement. It extends from the estuary of the Imjin River, in the west, to the coast of the East Sea. It is 4 km in width and 148 km in length. However, the ecosystems of the civilian control zone (CCZ) located between the southern border of the DMZ and the civilian control line (CCL) and the CCZ in the estuary of the Han River and the Yellow Sea are similar to those in the DMZ, and, therefore, the ecosystems of the DMZ and the CCZ are collectively known as the "ecosystems of the DMZ and its vicinities." The flora in the DMZ and its vicinities is composed of 1,864 species, which accounts for about 42% of all the vascular plant species on the Korean Peninsula and its affiliated islands. Conducting a detailed survey on the vegetation, flora, and fauna in the DMZ is almost impossible due to the presence of landmines and limitations on the time allowed to be spent in the DMZ. However, to assess the environmental impact of the Munsan-Gaesong railroad reconstruction project, it was possible to undertake a limited vegetation survey within the DMZ in 2001. The vegetation in Jangdan-myeon, in Paju City within the DMZ, was very simple. It was mostly secondary forests dominated by oaks such as Quercus mongolica, Q. acutissima, and Q. variabilis. The other half of the DMZ in Jangdan-myeon was occupied by grassland composed of tall grasses such as Miscanthus sinensis, M. sacchariflorus, and Phragmites japonica. Contrary to the expectation that the DMZ may be covered with pristine mature forests due to more than 60 years of no human interference, the vegetation in the DMZ was composed of simple secondary forests and grasslands formed on former rice paddies and agricultural fields. At present, the only legal protection system planned for the DMZ is the Natural Environment Conservation Act, which ensures that the DMZ would be managed as a nature reserve for only two years following Korean reunification. Therefore, firstly, the DMZ should be designated as a site of domestic legally protected areas such as nature reserve (natural monument), scenic site, national park, etc. In addition, we need to try to designate the DMZ as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve or as a World Heritage site, or as a Ramsar international wetland for international cooperation. For nomination as a world heritage site, we can emphasize the ecological and landscape value of the wetlands converted from the former rice paddies and the secondary forests maintained by frequent fires initiated by military activities. If the two Koreas unexpectedly reunite without any measures in place for the protection of nature in the DMZ, the conditions prior to the Korean War, such as rice paddies and villages, will return. In order to maintain the current condition of the ecosystems in the DMZ, we have to discuss and prepare for measures including the retention of mines and barbed-wire fences, the construction of roads and railroads in the form of tunnels or bridges, and the maintenance of the current fire regime in the DMZ.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 1971

As one part of the ecological studies of Korean white pine plantation, a synecological survey was made on the undergrowth vegetation of Korean white pine plantations of different age class i.e., 5, 15, 25, 35, and 40 year age classes under which shrub and ground vegetation were distinctly different. And, the results are summarized as follows. 1. In shrub, the important species is Corylus heterophylla var. japonica and the dominant species in each age-class stand are as follows; 5 year-class ; Quercus mongolica, Lespedeza Maximowiczi. 15 year-class ; Corylus heterophylla var. japonica, Lespedeza Maximowiczi. 25 year-class ; Corylus heterophylla var. japonica. 35 year-class ; Corylus heterophylla var. japonica, Maackia amurensis. 40 year-class ; Corylus heterophylla var. japonica. 2. The higher the age class of the plantation are, the lower the height and the density of the shrub become. 3. Dominant species of ground-vegetation under the shrub of each age-class are as follows; 5 year-class ; Arundinella hirta var. cilia, Miscanthus purpurascens. 15 year-class ; Arundinella hirta var. ciliata, Potentilla Freyniana. 25 year-class ; Physematium manchuriense, Viola xanthopetala, Rubus craegifolius. 35 year-class ; Viola xanthopetala, Rubus crataegifolius. 45 year-class ; Viola xanthopetala, Rubus crataegifolius. 4. The standing crops of ground vegetation under the shrub were decreased with increasing age-class, which also caused the decreasing height and density and changing floristic composition of the shrub. 5. The ratio of the standing crop of root to the standing crop of shoot was increased as the age class increased. 6. The floristic composition of ground vegetation has shown a change from heliophyte to sciophytes on the sere.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.186-191
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• 2007

To provide some ecological information on protection and management of the mixed heronries, their distribution, breeding species and individual numbers, and site characteristics, which may be important to heron ecology, were investigated in Jeollanam-do during the 2005 breeding season. As a result of this census, 17 mixed heronries, containing a total of six ardeid species were found. Among those species, Great Egret (Egretta alba) and Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) were found to breed in most sites (both 92%) and were most numerous (36.3%, 31.0% respectively). Many of the heronries (53.3%) were located within the bamboo forest. Other site characteristics were as follows: the mean area dimension of heronry was $2,346m^2$ with the range of $500{\sim}7,000m^2$ the mean distance between the two nearest heronries was 18.1km with the range of $5.6{\sim}40.4km$ the mean distance to the nearest village was 297m with the range of $10{\sim}2,000m$ the mean gradient of the topography was $18^{\circ}$ with the range of $2^{\circ}{\sim}40^{\circ}$, and 40.0% of the heronries were located in the eastern slopes.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.135-144
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• 2010

This study intended to investigate environmental factors including soil and vegetation in order to understand the environmental and ecological characteristics of four different habitats of Abelia tyaihyoni. These habitats, according to investigations, are mostly located at elevations of 203 m to 297 m with angles of inclination ranging from 9 degrees to 17 degrees. The litter depth of habitats is 2 cm to 5 cm. A total of 113 vascular plant taxa are identified in seven quadrates of the four habitats. The life form of 113 species is H-$D_4$-$R_5$-e type. The importance value of Abelia tyaihyoni is 39.61%, and 4 highly ranked species such as Quercus dentata (6.27%), Spiraea blumei, Spiraea prunifolia for. simpliciflora (4.04%) and Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (3.84%) are considered to be an affinity with Abelia tyaihyoni in their habitats. The dominant species of woody plants in the four habitats are represented as Pinus densiflora (21.22%) and Quercus dentata (16.82%) in the subtree layer (T2), and Carex humilis var. nana (18.95%) and Carex lanceolata (17.63%) in the herbaceous layer (H). The degree of their average species diversity is 1.42, and that of dominance and evenness are 0.07 and 0.86, respectively. The type of soil is sandy loam, clay loam and loam, and the average field capacity of soil is 22.49%. Their average organic matter is 9.39%, soil pH 6.75, and available phosphorus is $1.23 {\mu}g/g$.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.173-182
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• 2016

Although the ecosystem extends numerous functions for the benefit of humankind, construction of horticultural facilities can potentially lead to the degeneration of some of these functions owing to the expansion of impervious regions and loss of habitats. Thus, this study aimed to examine the effect of construction of horticultural facilities on plant biodiversity. Analysis of the vegetation distribution characteristics showed that horticultural facilities had significantly lower plant diversity than did rice paddies. Hence, the proposed approach involved low-impact development, arrangement of habitat space, plant preservation, restricted use of chemical fertilizer, habitat creation, and reduced preservation cost. Lifestyle analysis suggested the importance of developing favorable environments for the growth of annual plants and aquatic plants. In all, 20 species of naturalized plants belonging to 10 families were identified. Furthermore, the proportion of these naturalized plants was higher in glass greenhouses and multi-span greenhouses, suggesting the advantages of employing natural soil mulching while avoiding concrete mulching. Statistical analysis was performed to validate the results, which suggested that impervious regions be converted to natural soils. Collectively, the findings of this study are expected to be used for establishing policies for the construction of eco-friendly and ecological horticultural facilities; this may aid the maintenance of sustainable agricultural landscapes and large-scale development of the reclaimed lands.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.1
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• pp.42-55
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• 1990

The forest communities of this area were studied phytosociologically by the method of Z$\ddot{u}$rich-Montpellier school. 1) Forest vegetation in this area divided into mountain forest(Pinus densiflora-Alnus hirsuta community) and plateau(Basin) forest(Weigela subsessilis-Athyrium yokoscense community). 2) Mountain forest(I. Pinus densiflora-Alnus hirsuta community) divided into I-A. Carpinus laxiflora group, I-B. Acer mono group., I-A. Carpinus laxiflora group is further subdivided into I-A-1. Styrax obassia subgroup, I-A-2. Lindera erythrocarpa subgroup, I-A-3. Typical subgroup, I-A-4. Zanthoxylum schinifolium subgroup. 3) Plateau(Basin) forest(II. Weigela subsessilis-Athyrium yokoscense community.) divided into II-A. Carpinus laxiflora group, II-B. Carpinus cordata-Actinidia arguta group, II-C. Typical group. II-A. Carpinus laxiflora group is further subdivided into II-A-1. Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa subgroup, II-A-2. Typical subgroup. II-A-3. Acer mono subgroup. The flora of vasicula plants distributed in Mt. Kasan area was 105 families 350 genera, 515 species, 87 varieties, 2 subspecies and 12 formae in total 616 taxa (This amount to some 64.7% of the whole plant (952 kinds) in Mt. Palgong nature area.).

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.117-131
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• 2000

The flora and vegetaion of the high moor in Mt. Daeam($128^{\circ}07^{\prime}E$, $38^{\circ}13^{\prime}N$) was investigated by the phytosociological method of Braun-Blanquet's from 13 - 14th June to 7 - 8th August, 1998. The flora of plants recorded in high moor was 191 taxa belonging to 53 families, 131 genera, 160 species, 30 varieties, 1 formas. The high moor vegetation of Sanguisorba tenuifolia var. alba community group in this survey trip was classified into 11 communities as follows : Carex dispalata community and Sphagnum palustre community at the interior of moor, Carex biwensis community and Juncus papillosus community at the regenerated area and Malinia japonica community, Spiraea salicifolia community, Geranium eriosteman var. megalanthum - Calamagrostis langsdorffii community, Juncus effusus var. decipiens community, Salix koreensis community, Caltha palustris var. membranacea community and Sparganium stoloniferum community at the margin of moor. As a result of this study, the change of plant communities on high moor was closely influenced by landization in relation to the disturbance of human since 1969.