• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.270-277
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• 2021

Veronica rotunda var. subintegra (Nakai) T. Yamaz. is perennial herb belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae, native to Korea. Plant growth regulators, cutting mediums, cutting position, and leaf size were examined to investigate the requirements for cutting propagation of V. rotunda var. subintegra. This study was conducted over a period of 6 weeks from March to May 2017 in the Division of Plant Resources, Korea National Arboretum. For all treatments, survival and rooting percentage was 100%. In PGRs experiment, the number of roots and shoot length treated with 100 mg/L IBA treatment was significantly higher than that of NAA treatment. The shooting percentage was decreased with an increase of the PGRs concentration. In growing substrates experiment, the number of roots on commercial soil (61.2) was the highest, followed commercial + kanuma soil (45.7), and the lowest was kanuma soil (41.8). The shoot length treated with commercial soil (8.9 cm) was significantly greater than that of kanuma soil (4.1 cm). In cutting positions experiment, the number of roots treated with apical (56.6) was significantly higher than that of basal (38.8). In leaf-cut experiment, the number of roots and of shoot length treated with full leaf was significantly higher than that of half leaf. As a result, we recommend treating cuttings with 100 mg/L IBA treatment, commercial soil, apical position, and full leaf for successful cutting propagation of V. rotunda var. subintegra.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.70-82
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to reveal the tendency of planting design through the analysis of the planting of designer's gardens in the Suncheon Bay National Garden and to derive implications for future garden planting designs. The results of the study are as follows: First, the results of the study show that the practice of tree-based planting is still valid. Large growing trees such as 'Pinus densiflrora', 'Celtis sinensis', 'Zelkova serrata', 'Machilus thunbergii', 'Pinus strobus' overwhelmed the size of the designer's garden(150 to 390㎡). Second, the selection of trees tended to be made considering the designer's intention and the decorative effects rather than by considering the physiological and ecological conditions of the site. Third, among the herbaceous, the rate of the planting of perennials was high. Fourth, the flowering period of planted herbaceous was the most common in summer, followed by spring, fall, and winter. Fifth, the frequency color of the planted herbaceous was the most common in summer, followed by spring, fall, and winter. Fifth, in terms of flower color frequency, the most common was the yellow-series, followed by red-series, blue-series Sixth, average height herbaceous plants(20~60cm) were planted the most(47.4%). Seventh, structural plants that determined the garden's framework depended on trees, and the focal plants mainly utilized were evergreen trees, and the midrange plants were the planted herbaceous plants. The implications derived from the above findings are as follows: First, to ensure the garden's quality and sustainability, the selection of trees should be carefully considered, not considering only the artist's intention but also taking into account the physical and ecological conditions. Second, herbaceous plants can be used in various ways― the garden's focal plants, midrange plants, and ground covers, so more active herbaceous planting needs to be considered. Third, in consideration of the winter landscape, herbaceous planting using characteristics, such as fruits and stems, as well as flower colors should be considered. Fourth, blue and black color herbaceous plants have a noticeable effect even in a small amount, so it is necessary to plant them actively. Fifth, for the design of herbaceous planting, where the individual property of plants can be expressed, the design method should be considered.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.11
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• pp.151-166
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• 1969

I. Fffects of nitrogen supplying level and culture condition on the top growth aod tubers formation of Ipomoea Batatas. 1) The low level nitrogen (A plot) 3 Milliequivalent per liter of nutrient solution stimulated tuber formation while the high level nitrogen ($B_1\;and\;B_2$ plot) of 10 milliequivalent per liter failed to form tuber though fibrous roots were seen much activated. The suppressive effect of nitrogen on tuber formation in presumed to result from the direct suppressive effect of nitrogen or a certain biocatalystic effect rather than from any indirect effect through the stimulation to growth of tops or the competition with carbohydrates. 2) The addition of milligram urea to nutrient solution stimulated the growth and increased fresh weight and dry weight of the aerial part while suppressed, a little, plant length. 3) The water culture method, which this experiment newly adopted, stimulated plant growth more than the gravel Culture method. And the treatment of low level nitrogen (A plot) in this water culture also saw a considerable degree of tuber formation, as in the case of gravel culture. 4) The foliar application of growth retardant B-nine suppressed the plant length only, with no other recognizable effect. II. Fffects of urea supplying level on the growth of IPOMOEA BATATAS. 1) The higher level of urea which was absorbed tby roots through nutrient solution suppressed top growth, such as plant length, number of leaves and fresh weight. And this can be attributed to the direct absorption of urea which was not ammonificated. 2) Although the higher level of nitrate nitrogen (B plot) made no tuber formation in previous experiment (Report-1), the higher level of urea nitrogen (A plot) made tuber formation possible in this experiment. The ratio of tuber to top was, however, less in higher level of urea than in lower level of urea, and the suppressing effect was larger on tuber than on top. 3) The foliar application of urea stimulated top growth while the higher level of urea absorbed by roots suppressed it, though the amounts of urea supplied in two experiments were same. Ratio of top to roots was larger in foliar application of urea (C plot) and less in root absorption of urea both of higher (B plot) and lower urea levels (A plot). III. Fffects of growth retardant etc. on the growth of IPOMOEA BATATAS in relation to urea application. 1) B-nine (N-dimethyl amino-succinamic acid) is recognized as a growth retardant, suppressed the plant length irrespective of urea levels. The treatment of gibberellin stimulated distinctly plant length, and the combined treatment of gibberellin and B-nine recovered completely the plant length which had been suppressed by B-nine. 2) B-nine increased fresh weight, especially, fresh weight of top both in lower and higher level of The degree of fresh weight increase varied according to concentrations of B-nine, of which the 0.15% of B-nine ($B_1$ plot) was the effective in higher level of urea. The effect of B-nine for increasing fresh weight was the largest in top next in tuber, and the least in fibrous roots. The ratio of fibrous roots to top was always decreased by B-nine application, which the ratio of tuber to top was contrary increased by B-nine in higher level of urea though decreased in lower level of urea. 3) Gibberellin treatment also increased fresh weight but the combined treatment ($B_3$+GA plot) of gibberellin and B-nine was even more effective than any of single treatments. Gibberellin and B-nine proved to be synergistic with fresh weight while reverse with plant length. 4) Considerable influences were abserved mainly in the length of plants and their fresh weight after B-nine treatment. So that B-nine may be reguraded as a metabolic controller rather than as an antimetabolite. 5) The surpressed growth of plants cause by higher level of urea was normalized by B-nine treatment. This fact suggested a further study on the applicability for practical use.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.192-198
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• 2020

Root extension is the most important growth change that occurs during cultivation. We analyzed growth changes according to young seedling age, temperature, and the degree of root cutting in order to identify factors affecting rooting after transplanting. Root cutting did not affect plant height growth rate, root growth rate was increased in plants that experienced root cutting, and 14-day-old seedlings exhibited a higher growth rate than 7-day-old seedlings. Growth temperature experiments revealed that elongation was high at 25℃ and 28℃, but tended to be low at 18℃, and root elongation was high at 22-28℃ for 7-day-old seedlings and 22-25℃ for 14-day-old seedlings. Nitrogen absorption decreased in the following growth temperature order: 25, 28, 22, 18℃, and differences in nitrogen absorption under different growth temperatures tended to be lower in 7-day-old seedlings. The amount of nitrogen taken up by roots did not differ significantly between the short root treatment and the control, and 7-day-old seedlings tended to start nitrogen absorption faster than 14-day-old seedlings. Root vitality was highest in short-rooted 7-day-old seedlings with 3 cm of root remaining, and vitality also tended to be high in short-rooted 14-day-old seedlings.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.274-278
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• 1998

To observe the stimulating effects of low-dose ${\gamma}-radiation$ on the Chinese cabbage, $1{\sim}5$ years old seeds were cultivated in the green house and the experimental field after irradiation of $0.5Gy{\sim}30.0Gy$ and the growth characters of them were investigated. The germination rates and the seedling heights of old seeds increased positively in the green house, but different from each other depending on their period of storage. Those of 3-, 4-, and 5-year old seeds increased remarkably at the 4.0Gy-, 1.0Gy-, and 0.5Gy-irradiation group respectively. However, in the case of 1-year and 2-year old seeds, there were not significant effects of irradiation except the increase of seedling height. There were significant increasing effects of radiation on the plant height, fresh weight, and diameter of all seeds grown in the experimental field of 4.0Gy- and 8.0Gy-irradiation group, including the corresponding effects of 1-year and 2-year old seeds in 20.0Gy- and 30.0Gy-irradiation group.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.122-126
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• 1998

This experiment was conducted to verify the responses of major crop species to saline stress.To determine the saline tolerance of crop species, sevral crop species were cultivated under sand-culture system using Hoagland's nutrient solution whit 200mM NaCl. The crop species showing saline tolerance were cotton(Gossypium indicum), maize(Zea mays), barely(Hordeum vulgare), and wheat(Triticum aestivum) but perilla (Perilla frutescens) and leguminous crops, mung bean(Phaseolus radiatus), azuki bean(Phaseolus angularis) and soy bean(Glycin max) showed very por tolerance. One the typical symptom was the darkening of leaf color due to increase of chlorophyll concentration.Among of the plant families, Fabaceae was the most susceptible but crop species belonging to Poaceae were more proper for cultivating on reclaimed tidal land in the course of desalinazation. It was suggrsted that the crop species belonging to Fabaceae, a sensitive family to soil salinity, must be cultivated when the soil salinity decreased below 10ds/m. To know the critical salinity level for crop growth,salinity of saline soil collected from reclaimed tidal land was adjusted from 10.0ds/m tp41.7ds/m with tap water. It was suggested that the ECs of the soil in which the plant height of each crop spicies was reduced to 50% of control plant were 22.6 and 21.7 ds/m in rice, barley, corn, mung bean, and soy bean,respectively.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 1997

Plug seedlings of bell pepper(Capsicum annuum L.) were grown for 50 days in controlled environment chambers under 12 hrs per day photoperiodic condition with sixteen different day and night temperature regimes to investigate the possibility of height control. The seedlings were then transplanted to greenhouse to investigate the growth, flowering, and yield afterward. Plant height and stem length of seedlings were mainly affected by day temperature rather than night temperature. Internode elongation was suppressed by a negative DIF and was enhanced by a positive DIF even with the same average daily temperature (ADT). Leaf unfolding rate was influenced more by ADT than by DIF. Fresh and dry weights increased as ADT increased. Leaf area and stem diameter increased until temperature increased up to 24$^{\circ}C$ day and night temperature and decreased above 24$^{\circ}C$, The position at which the first flower was initiated was lowered as ADT increased. The first flower degeneration was not obvious up to 24$^{\circ}C$ ADT but increased rapidly above 24$^{\circ}C$ ADT. Seedling compactness(Dry weight per plant height :mg.mm$^{-1}$ ) was greater under -DIF than +DIF condition. In conclusion, DIF treatment was an applicable technique to control stem elongation and growth rate such as leaf unfolding rate and position at which first flower was initiated could be controlled by ADT.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of uniconazole treatment on the growth and flowering of potted Chrysanthemum indicum L. for high quality pot plant production. Uniconazole was drenched at 0.05, 0.01, or 0.15 mg a.i./pot at 14 days after planting (DAP) of rooted cuttings. Simultaneously the short-day treatment (SDT) and pinching were adapted. The same amount of uniconazole (0.05 mg a.i./pot) was spilt drenched at once, twice, and three times, respectively, at 1 week interval. Uniconazole markedly reduced plant height, branch length, and stem diameter. Plant height was reduced linearly with increasing uniconazole concentration at 0.05, 0.01, or 0.15 mg a.i./pot up-to 41.6%, 52.5%, and 58.5%, respectively. In 0.05 mg a.i./pot, the number of branches greatly increased and plant height of 22.6 cm was adequate for pot plant. However, higher concentrations (0.10, 0.15 mg a.i.) were not suitable for production of high quality pot plant (17.0, 14.8 cm, respectively). Pinching and SDT decreased the number of days to visible bud, while uniconazole treatments delayed days to visible bud by 5-9 days compared with pinching and SDT. Number of visible buds was highest at 0.05 mg a.i./pot uniconazole treatment. However, flower diameter was decreased by uniconazole treatment, resulting in compact form. Number of stomata was increased by uniconazole treatment. The length of vascular tissues of uniconazole-treated plants ($11.2{\mu}m$) was smaller than that of non-treated plants ($15.0{\mu}m$, and the size of xylem vessel was also decreased. Uniconazole treatment at 0.05 mg a.i./pot at 14 DAP with pinching and SDT were recommended for pot plant production of C. indicum L.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1990

Forty different apartment houses were subjected to assess the status of indoor - landscaping plants found at each apartment house in Seoul for the year of 1986 and 7989. 1. Comparing with those of 1986, 46% increase in total indoor plant species and 68% increase in the number of them were observed. The most abundant sort found in 1786 was oriental orchid, African violet, Scindapsus, cacti, and Clivia, and in 1989, first with oriental orchid, cacti, Chlorophytum, Clivia and Dracaena, in that order. 2. Foliage ornamental plants were mast popularly found in both years of 1986 and 1989 when considered for horticultural classification of plants. 3. Average plant height ranged between 15 to 30 cm in the year of i986, whereas 31 to 80 cm in 1987, indicaling that the size of plants has greatly increased. 4. Kind of planters or containers was most frequently shown to be made of plastic material in both years, and the porcelain ones have significantly been increased to use recently. 5. Most indoor plants placed at the rooms were on the floor in those years, yet the use of planting shelves became particularly manifesting in the year of 1989. 6. Fittonia and cacti were the most frequently used plant materials for installing terrariums at apartment rooms In the year of 1986, whereas Adiantum and Maranta were so in 1989, indicating that the growers choose much adaptable species in apartment environments. Most of the plants grown to landscaping the indoors was apartment verandas in those years. 8. Average number of indoor plants possessed at each apartment houses surveyed for the year of 1986 was 16 different ones, whereas 27 each In 1789, shoving a noteworthy increase in the number. 9. There have been apparent increase and improvement inhabitant's indoor - plant interest in the years to pass and probably to come.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.651-657
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• 2016

It is important to know know deleterious impact of deicing salt on plants for guidelines of planting along roads. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of calcium chloride ($CaCl_2$) on the growth and physiological characteristics of Liriope platyphylla and Pachysandra terminalis. The plants were grown from November of 2015 to March of 2016 in pots containing growing media with $CaCl_2$ at 0% (Control), 0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0%, and 5.0% (based on the weight). While plant growth and photosynthetic activity were significantly decreased in both plant species grown on the media with $CaCl_2$, the degree of sensitivity to $CaCl_2$ differed. The plant growth of Liriope platyphylla was considerably injured under higher than 3.0% of $CaCl_2$, whereas Pachysandra terminalis was all dead under higher than 1.0% of $CaCl_2$. This results indicate that Liriope platyphylla has higher degree of tolerance to the deicing salt than Pachysandra terminalis.