• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.55-76
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• 2004

The objective of this study is to investigate why the applicants for entrance to the science and engineering college are shrinking. We focus on the social situation of the science and engineering college graduates, more concretely, focus on the job stability, social position and the compensation in comparison with the non-science and engineering college graduate. We find that the science and engineering college graduates have the higher rate of separation from his job, the fewer opportunity of improving the social situation and the lower compensation throughout his life from the first job in comparison with the non-science and engineering college graduates. However, this study can not identify why the science and engineering college graduates receive the socially unkind treatment.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.21 no.3_4
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• pp.215-272
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• 1999

외국인투자 유치를 통해 국내산업의 생산성을 향상시키는 것이 중요한데 외국인투자가 한국의 산업생산성에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지에 대한 실증연구가 전무한 것이 현실이다. 본 연구는 기업데이터를 이용하여 외국인투자의 생산성효과를 추정하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 상기 분석을 통해 얻은 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 외국인소유기업의 노동생산성이 높다. 둘째, 외국인투자의 생산성 파급효과는 양(+)의 효과를 가지나 통계적으로 유의하지 않다. 즉, 생산성 파급효과가 미미하다고 볼 수 있다. 이상의 결론은 매우 중요한 시사점을 갖는다. 우선 외국인투자기업이 선진기술 및 경영노하우를 전수할 능력을 가졌을 가능성을 시사한다. 외국인투자를 유치하는 중요한 이유 중의 하나인 선진기술 및 경영노하우 전수의 전제조건인 외국인투자기업의 기술 및 노하우 소유가 실제로 성립할 가능성을 시사한다. 하지만 외국인투자가 국내산업 전반의 효율성 제고로 이어지는 데는 아직 장애요인이 존재함을 암시한다. 경쟁규율이 확립되지 않았거나 기술파급을 위한 제도적 여건이 미비한 것이 원인일 가능성이 있다. 따라서 정책적인 시사점은 어떻게 기술파급효과를 극대화할 것인가에 집중된다. 경쟁에서 낙오한 기업의 퇴출을 확실히 제도화함으로써 외국인투자의 경쟁압력이 기업의 효율성 증가로 이어지도록 해야 할 필요가 있으며 각종 반경쟁적 관행 또는 행위를 단속할 수 있는 경쟁정책의 확립이 요구된다. 또한 노동시장의 유연성 제고, 산업입지정책의 효율화 등을 통해 외국인투자의 기술이전 및 확산효과가 극대화되도록 해야 할 것이다.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.473-498
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• 2017

This study examines the effect of environmental regulation considering the endogeneity on the productivity of Korean manufacturing industry based on the Porter hypothesis using data from the Mining and Manufacturing Survey, Survey of Research and Development in Korea, and Environmental Statistics Portal from 2003 to 2013 with fixed effect model. In order to eliminate the bias of the missing variables that may occur in the existing studies, we analyze factors affecting productivity such as market competition, R&D investment as explanatory variables. And, in order to eliminate measurement error and inverse causality, we use instrumental variable approach. The main results are as follows. First, our findings that the environmental regulation improve the productivity of Korean manufacturing in the long-run support the Porter hypothesis. Second, our findings suggest that measurement error and reverse causality are main sources of the endogeneity, while omitted variable is not. Finally, environmental technology R&D has reduced productivity in the short-run.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.107-130
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• 2023

This study examines the economic effects of a developed country's minimum quality standards (MQS) and mutual recognition agreements (MRAs) between countries. Based on the results of such analysis, it also considers the optimal MRA strategy for South Korea. For this purpose, the paper constructs a simple three-country model in which the representative firms in each country supply differentiated goods to the developed country market. The analysis results are as follows: First, the rise in the MQS of a developed country intensifies the competition level, reduces the profits of all firms, and raises the developed country's consumer surplus. In addition, if one of the firms exits the market due to the MQS, competition is relaxed, and the profits of the remaining firms increase. Second, countries subject to MQS can improve their social welfare through the MRAs; thus, it is essential to utilize them strategically. In the case of South Korea, the optimal situation is to have an MRA with the developed country or for all three countries not to have any MRA.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to provide an environment that can support the development of the virtual asset industry. The limiting factors and countermeasures currently possessed by the virtual asset industry were considered in terms of legal and institutional aspects, technical aspects, and market aspects.Small businesses classified as virtual asset operators have difficulty meeting the government's requirements.Accordingly, SMEs with insufficient funds and manpower are withdrawn from the market, creating an environment where only large-scale enterprises with capital power survive.It is difficult to develop desirable technologies and markets in the virtual asset technology industry. In addition, small and medium-sized companies may be expelled from the market, causing damage to current users. Therefore, in terms of legal and institutional aspects, there is a lack of an exact scope of virtual asset providers, and thus it is necessary to respond to the controversial elements of virtual asset providers. In terms of technology, it is necessary to cope with the slowdown of the P2P method, the difficulty in recovering errors, and the absence of operational experts. Therefore, technology standardization and stabilization are required, and efforts must be made to cultivate operational technical personnel who can support them.In terms of the market, it is necessary to prepare measures to protect users of virtual assets and to establish countermeasures for companies operating virtual assets against weak user protection, inadequate application of the AML method, and limitations of taxation. This study is expected to contribute to active utilization support or related policies in the virtual asset industry.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.205-210
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• 2010

LED light has various advantages such as an energy saving effect of over 80% compared to existing lighting and environmentally friendly characteristics; however, there has been no affordable market for LED lighting because of its expensive price. This study discussed the validity of the expansion of distribution of LED lighting through an assessment of economic efficiency concerning LED lightening in order to analyze its efficiency in terms of energy savings and maintenance and repair, which will be generated as a result of the change from existing incandescent bulbs to LED lighting in the public sector. As to the target of analysis, the paper reviewed the validity of change to LED lighting as a result of the elimination of existing incandescent bulbs, by referring to 'the current incandescent bulb use and elimination performance' published by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy based on the "Elimination management system" executed by Korea Energy Management Corporation. The paper considered expenses for change, annual power savings amount and electric charges savings amount, repair and maintenance cost, $CO_2$ reduction volume, and the profit from the sale of CER (certified emission reduction). As a result of analyzing economic efficiency, when the discount rate during the change of existing incandescent bulb lighting to LED lighting is 3.26%, the profit was 8,648,400,000 won. Accordingly, NPV was analyzed to have a 'positive (+)' value, which means that this change is profitable.

• The Journal of Small Business Innovation
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.1-16
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• 2016

Korean government had used public 'credit guarantee schemes' (CGS) as a counter-cyclical measure. However, it is still controversial about the effectiveness of policy financing on the SMEs. Criticism on policy financing involves the argument that supporting enterprises hampers competition and innovation of SMEs by increasing their dependence on the government and delays the exit of marginal firms. In this paper, we investigate how to effectively build up the rationale of running public CGSs. At the same time, we propose the ways to coexist of public credit guarantee and market-based private finance system for SMEs. First, CGS, as a counter-cyclical function, must coexist with the private financial system by compensating the market failure caused by pro-cyclical behavior of the private financial market. Second, CGS has the comparative advantages, compared to both the interest rate policy of the central bank and fiscal policy of the government. The credit guarantee is the symptomatic treatment that could revitalize the economy shortly by providing liquidity. Also, knowing that CGS is provided based on the leverage ratio defined by outstanding guarantee divided by capital fund, public 'credit guarantee' (CG) has an advantage that is free from the risk of government deficit. Third, the reason for existence of the CGS should be founded in supporting services for SMEs, available only in a public sector that is difficult to expect from private banks. In this regard, it is desirable to strengthen the publicness of credit guarantee over the support for start-ups, growing companies, the improvement of productivity, increase of exports, a long-term investment in facilities, the employment-creating businesses, and innovative enterprises.

• 한국노년학
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.15-31
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to explore the transition to retirement of the middle-aged in Korea according to the notion of "the career job" and "the bridge job". In order to scrutinize basic elements for the transition, three aspects such as the job history of the middle-aged, the characteristics of the demographic and economic status were investigated through the one to three wave of Korean Retirement and Income Study(KReIS). In addition, the characteristics of the career job and the bridge job were analyzed by both descriptive statistics and the conditional transition probability. Moreover, the influential factors to the job status of the middle-aged were examined by the multi-nominal logistic regression. The results of the study are as followed: first, gradual retirement is increasing in the transition to retirement of the middle-aged in Korea. Over time, the career job is decreasing whilst bridge job is increasing. However, the quality of the bridge job is poorer than the career job in terms of wage, employment status, industry, and occupation. Lastly, the middle-aged who work in the bridge job have vulnerable characteristics, so they work in the bridge job to supplement their economic needs. The results can be influential in the adjustment of the labor policies for the middle-aged in Korea. Moreover, the partial pension system could be a good alternative since the pension system is needed to protect the vulnerable situation of the middle-aged in Korea.

• Air Cleaning Technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.29-40
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• 2015

중국의 급속한 산업화로 대기, 수질, 폐기물 등 환경오염문제가 심화, 고착화되면서 이를 개선하기 위해 중국 정부는 환경규제를 지속적으로 강화하고 있다. 또한 외국인 투자유치로 제조업 육성에 어느 정도 성공을 거둠에 따라 외국인 투자 유치와 제조업 경영활동에 있어 환경 이슈를 매우 중요시하고 있어 신규 및 사업확장에 제동이 걸리고 있다. 중국은 신규법인수 기준으로 우리나라의 최대 해외직접투자국이며, 제조업종에 대한 투자금액이 전체 투자금액의 88.3%를 차지하고 있다. 중국에 진출한 기업들은 중소기업이 전체 진출기업의 약 90%로 중국의 환경규제 강화는 중국에 진출한 우리 중소기업들에게 직접적인 영향을 미치고 있다. 중국 정부는 분야별 환경목표를 강화하고 오염물질배출 업체를 퇴출시키는 등 강력한 조치를 전개하고 있으며, 중앙 정부의 환경목표 강화 기조와 더불어 해당 지역민의 친환경에 대한 요구가 점차 커짐에 따라, 각 지방정부는 환경 관련 지역 목표 달성을 위해 업체 관리감독을 대폭 강화하고 있는 추세이다. 이러한 중국의 환경규제 강화는 진출 기업이나 진출을 준비하는 기업들의 설비투자비나 오염배출비용 부담 증가 등 상당한 리스크로 작용하고 있으며 향후에도 중국의 환경규제 강화 기조는 지속될 것으로 전망된다. 실제 중국에 진출한 기업들은 환경규제를 직접적으로 체감하고 있다. 규제집행의 강도가 눈에 띄게 높아져 엄격한 기준을 적용받고 처벌수위 역시 높아졌으며, 과거 관시를 통해 원만한 해결이 가능했다면 이제는 환경규제에 대해 원칙적이고 보수적인 공무원의 태도로 인해 관시로도 해결이 어려운 경우가 다반사이다. 또한, 주민들도 환경규제에 대한 인식수준이 높아짐에 따라 미미한 사안에도 즉각적인 반응을 보여 민원제기 사례가 빈번히 발생하고 환경안전 기준이 점점 높아짐에 따라 이에 대응하기 위해 환경안전 설비추가, 친환경연료 사용 등 추가적인 비용이 발생하고 있다. 이에 이미 진출한 기업들은 소재지 환경규제의 강화 전망 및 이로 인한 손실정도를 사전에 파악하고 다양한 옵션에서 대응전략을 마련해야 하며, 향후 중국 진출계획을 가지고 있는 기업들은 진출에 앞서 지역별로 차별화된 시장기회와 환경규제 강도 등 현지 실사를 통한 현장중심 리스크 분석을 실시해야 한다. 또한 이미 진출한 기업 및 진출예정 기업 모두 환경규제가 강화되고 있는 중국에서 사업을 하기 위해서는 법규와 기본원칙을 반드시 준수하고 규제가 더 강화될 것 이라는 기조를 인식할 필요가 있다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.108-115
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• 2018

Time is considered as an important factor to understand the diffusion behavior of single generation technology. However, multiple generation technology required additional factors in addition to time to understand the diffusion behavior. This study defined the diffusion path of multiple generation technology based on dimensions of 'time, price, and performance' after extracting price and technical performance factors and traced the diffusion path of semiconductor industry based on defined dimensions. The case study of semiconductor industry indicated that the diffusion path is determined maximizing the integrated area of price and performance. This study has theoretical implications in that it analyzed the diffusion behavior of multiple generation technology based on multiple dimensions and can forecast the diffusion behavior at matured as well as early stage technology. Also, this study has practical implications for R&D and marketing managers to understand time-to-market, exit time, and economical as well as technical requirements.