• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.52-63
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• 2001

필기 단어 인식 방법에는 낱자별 분할 및 낱자 단위 인식을 통해 인식하는 방법과 단어 사전을 이용하여 단어와 영상을 직접 비교하는 방법이 있다. 이 중 후자는 인식 대상이 되는 단어들이 작은 수의 어휘로 제한되었을 대 매우 효과적이다. 본 논문에서는 입력 영상이 주어졌을 때 자모를 순차적으로 탐색하고 그 결과의 최적 조합을 찾아 인식하는 사전을 이용한 필기 한글 단어 인식 방법을 제안한다. 입력 영상은 사전의 각 단어와의 매칭을 통해 인식된다. 단어는 필기 순서로 정렬된 자모열로 표현하고 입력 영상은 획들의 집합으로 표현한다. 단어의 자모들은 입력 영상으로부터 추출된 획들의 집합으로부터 단계적으로 탐색된다. 각 단계에서는 전 단계까지의 매칭 상태와 탐색하려는 자모의 형태로부터 자모가 존재할 것이라고 기대되는 정합 기대 영역을 설정한 후 그 안에서 자모 탐색기를 이용해 자모를 찾는다. 자모 탐색기는 획들의 집합으로 이루어진 복수의 자모 후보와 그 점수를 출력한다. 각 단계마다 생성된 자모 후보들은 최적의 단어 매칭을 찾기 위한 탐색 공간을 이룬다. 본 연구에서는 단어 사전을 trie로 구성하고, 탐색 과정에서 dynamic programming을 이용하여 효과적으로 탐색을 수행하였다. 또한 인식 속도를 향상시키기 위해 산전 축소, 탐색 공간 축소 등 다양한 지식을 이용하였다. 제안하는 방법은 무제약으로 쓰여진 필기 단어도 인식 할 수 있을 뿐 아니라, 동적 사전을 이용하기 때문에 사전의 내용이 변하는 환경에서도 적용할 수 있다. 인식 실험에서는 39개의 단어로 이루어진 사전에 대하여 613개의 단어 영상에 대해 실험한 결과 98.54%의 높은 인식률을 보임으로써 제안하는 방법이 매우 효과적임을 확인하였다. 아니라 곰팡이 균주도 실제 praxis에 적합하게 개발시킬수 있다. 따라서 앞으로 발효육제품제조에 있어 starter culture가 갖는 의미는 매우 중요하며 특히 짧은 숙성기간을 거치는 발효소시지의 제조에 있어서는 필수불가결한 공정의 한 분야로 자리잡게 될 것이다.큰 차이 없었으나 이중포장과 진공포장은 상당히 효과적임을 알 수 있었다.로는 18%에 비하여 22%가 더 적합한 것으로 생각되었다.$0.15{\sim}0.35%$이었다.irc}C$에서 $13.49{\times}10^{-3}$이었다. 이 값들을 Arrhenius식에 대입하여 구한 활성화 에너지는 24.795 kJ/Kmol이었다. 이 값으로부터 결정한 살균 포장약주 명가의 상용 저장 수명은 $10^{\circ}C$에서 2년, $20^{\circ}C$에서 1년 4개월, $25^{\circ}C$에서 1년 2개월 이었다. 서울의 매월 평균 온도를 기준으로 계산할 때 본제품의 상용저장기간은 1년 8개월이었다.로 반죽이 호화되고 가열시간이 그 이상으로 증가할 때도 반죽의 호화가 약간은 진행되지만 $90^{\circ}C$ 이상의 가열온도에서는 가열시간 0.5분 이내에 반죽의 호화가 급속히 일어나고 가열 시간을 증가시켜도 더이상의 호화는 일어나지 않았다. 같은 조건에서는 waxy corn starch 반죽의 호화 속도가 corn starch보다 더 빠른 것으로 나타났다. 대표적으로 52% 수분함량에서 반응속도상수(k)와 가열온도(T)사이의 관계식은 corn starch의 경우 $logk=11.1140-4.1226{\times}10^3(1/T)

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.94-101
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• 1989

Transport properties of 2DEG at AlGaAs/GaAs interface such as average electron energy, flight distance, each valley occupancy ratio, average electron velocity for various fields are investigated by MONTE-CARLO method. As the electric field increases, more electrons transit drastically from (000) valley to (000) upper valley. This phenomenon shows the nonstationary effect such as velocity overshoot. The duration of the transient decreases from about 1.4 psec for electric field E = 7KV/cm to about 0.7 psec for 12KV/cm. The average electron velocity during transient transport in 2DEG is about 8 times the steady-state velocity for E = 12KV/cm at room temperature. In comparison with bulk GaAs the peak velocity in the 2DEG is higher than that in even pure bulk GaAs at electric field E = 7 KV/cm. On the basis of the fact that the electrons in the 2DEG have larger peak velocity and shorter transient time of velocity than those in the bulk GaAs, it is suggested that the device with 2DEG may obtain higher mobility than that with bulk GaAs.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.48-56
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• 2011

Purpose : The aim of this study is to measure the typical MR variables such as $T_1$- and $T_2$-relaxation times according to morphological characteristics of gold nanopartides as a preliminary study to perform theragnosis using local heating by gold nanopartides. Materials and Methods : Two types of gold nanoparticles were used. Spheres were synthesized by various methods and stirring speed. Rods were synthesized by adding various concentrations of sphere nanopartides. Gold nanopartides were mixed with 2% agarose gel at 1:1 ratio and then signals were acquired using a 1.5T MRI. For the measurements of $T_1$-and $T_2$-relaxation times, TR and TE were varied, respectively. The results were acquired through $T_1$ and $T_2$ curves based on the intensities of MR image using self-developed software. And Statistical analysis was performed. Results : $T_1$ times were measured 1.86 sec and 2.08 sec for sphere and rod, respectively. On the other hands, $T_2$ times were measured 57 ms and 35.45 ms for sphere and rod. Conclusion : The changes of the MR variables according to the morphological characteristics of the gold nanopartides were confirmed. Optimal MR imaging conditions can be obtained by choosing proper TR and TE according to the type of nanoparticles.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.13-23
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• 2016

Many traffic centers are highly hesitant in employing existing Automatic Incident Detection Algorithms due to high false alarm rate, low detection rate, and enormous effort taken in maintaining algorithm parameters, together with complex algorithm structure and filtering/smoothing process. Concerns grow over the situation particularly in Freeway Incident Management Area This study proposes a new algorithm and introduces a novel concept, the Displaced Flow Index (DiFI) which is similar to a product of relative speed and relative occupancy for every execution period. The algorithm structure is very simple, also easy to understand with minimum parameters, and could use raw data without any additional pre-processing. To evaluate the performance of the DiFI algorithm, validation test on the algorithm has been conducted using detector data taken from Naebu Expressway in Seoul and following transferability tests with Gyeongbu Expressway detector data. Performance test has utilized many indices such as DR, FAR, MTTD (Mean Time To Detect), CR (Classification Rate), CI (Composite Index) and PI (Performance Index). It was found that the DR is up to 100%, the MTTD is a little over 1.0 minutes, and the FAR is as low as 2.99%. This newly designed algorithm seems promising and outperformed SAO and most popular AIDAs such as APID and DELOS, and showed the best performance in every category.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.297-302
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• 2010

Water temperature, salinity and density on egg development of the sunray surf clam, Mactra chinensis were investigated for artificial seedling production. The required time from fertilization to D-shaped larvae were 33.8 hours in $18^{\circ}C$, 20.6 hours in $23^{\circ}C$, 18.2 hours in $28^{\circ}C$ and 15.0 hours in $33^{\circ}C$. The development duration was reduced with increasing temperature. The relationships between temperature and the required time from egg to each developmental stage were described as follows: 2-cell, 1/h = 0.1051WT - 1.4782; 8-cell, 1/h = 0.037WT - 0.3686; gastrula, 1/h = 0.008WT - 0.0521; trochophore, 1/h = 0.0041WT - 0.0235; D-shaped larva, 1/h = 0.0024WT - 0.0102. Biological minimum temperature for the egg development was estimated to be $8.0^{\circ}C$ in average. The possible range of temperature for the development of D-shaped larvae was $18-28^{\circ}C$ and optimum of water temperature for the development of egg was $23^{\circ}C$. The possible range of salinity for the development of D-shaped larvae was 20-35 psu and optimum of salinity for the development of egg was 30-35 psu over 25 psu at least. The density of fertilized egg was below 40 per 1 ml in rearing seawater for elevating the development rate from fertilized egg to D-shaped larva.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.179-188
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• 2017

It is very challenging to analyze the traffic flow in the city because there are lots of traffic accidents, intersections, and pedestrians etc. Now, even in mid-size cities Bus Information Systems(BIS) have been deployed, which have offered the forecast of arriving times at the stations to passengers. BIS also provides more informations such as the current locations, departure-arrival times of buses. In this paper, we perform the time-series analysis of the traffic flow using the data of the average trvel time and the average speed between stations extracted from the BIS. In the mid size cities, the data from BIS will have a important role on prediction and analysis of the traffic flow. We used the Dynamic Linear Model(DLM) for how to make the time series forecasting model to analyze and predict the average speeds at the given locations, which seem to show the representative of traffics in the city. Especially, we analysis travel times for weekdays and weekends separately. We think this study can help forecast the traffic jams, congestion areas and more accurate arrival times of buses.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.307-312
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• 2017

In this study, the electrochemical performance of surface modified carbon using the PFO (pyrolyzed fuel oil) was investigated by chemical activation with KOH and $K_2CO_3$. PFO was heat treated at $390{\sim}400^{\circ}C$ for 1~3h to prepared the pitch. Three carbon precursors (pitch) prepared by the thermal reaction were 3903 (at $390^{\circ}C$ for 3h), 4001(at $400^{\circ}C$ for 1h) and 4002 (at $400^{\circ}C$ for 2h). Also, the effect of chemical activation catalysts and mixing time on the development of porosity during carbonization was investigated. The prepared carbon was analyzed by BET and FE-SEM. It was shown that chemical activation with KOH could be successfully used to develop carbon with specific surface area ($3.12m^2/g$) and mean pore size (22 nm). The electrochemical characteristics of modified carbon as the anode were investigated by constant current charge/discharge, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance tests. The coin cell using pitch (4002) modified by KOH has better initial capacity (318 mAh/g) than that of other pitch coin cells. Also, this prepared carbon anode appeared a high initial efficiency of 80% and the retention rate capability of 2C/0.1 C was 92%. It is found that modified carbon anode showed improved cycling and rate capacity performance.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.549-555
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• 2007

Purpose : Pulse wave velocity (PWV) and ankle brachial index (ABI) are simple, non-invasive methods to assess arterial stiffness. These parameters are also known to be closely related to cardiovascular risk factors and diseases. The purposes of this study were to measure blood pressure, PWV, ABI in healthy Korean adolescents, set up their normal values and assess their correlations. Methods : Three hundred ninety two healthy adolescents (213 boys and 179 girls) underwent measurement of brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), ABI, body mass index(BMI) and blood pressure from four extremities. Linear regression analysis was performed to reveal the correlations between PWV, ABI and independent variables. Results : Blood pressure and PWV were significantly higher in all extremities in males compared to females. Blood pressure of both brachial and ankle showed positive correlation with body weight, height, and BMI, whereas ABI showed no correlation with any of these indices. Conclusion : Blood pressure increases as body weight, height and BMI increases. PWV shows positive correlation with blood pressure. It will be helpful to predict the risks of cardiovascular diseases in adolescents.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.69-77
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• 2015

In Korea, local governments have decided the location of shelters as part of their disaster planning. However, no quantitative standards, such as assuming different hazard and shelter types, shelters' capacity, are specified in that planning. To propose the direction of disaster evacuation policy, first of all, the current state of shelters' location and evacuation area is needed to be analyzed. In addition, considering topographical condition such as road slope and physical strength by age are important factors to measure optimal evacuation route. The purpose is to suggest a new methodology of estimating optimal evacuation route considering resistance of road slope and difference of walking speed by age. Moreover, as a case study of Seoul, Korea, using coverage analysis of GIS analysis tool, the accessible area (or vulnerable area) to the shelters is evaluated based on the spatial distribution of disaster evacuation shelters and their accommodation capacity, according to evacuation time within 7.5, 15 and 30 minutes. The main results are summarized as follows: 1) The average area of disaster evacuation shelter per person is calculated as 0.45 square meters. Considering that the minimum shelters' area per person is 1 square meters, only 45% of people in Seoul can be accommodated. 2) The ratio of inhabitants who live in accessible area within 7.5 minutes presents only 33% of all. Furthermore, the ratio of inhabitants by age group of 5~9 or over 65 years old shows significantly lower percentage in comparison with 15~49 years old people.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.241-248
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• 1995

For the treatment of poorly biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) in dye-processing wastewater, immobilized microbial beads were prepared by uslng agar-acrylamide method. PVA removal efficiency for the synthetic wastewater was 85% at the PVA volume loading rate of $3.1g/\ell$.day. In case of real desizing wastewater, PVA removal efficiency was 81.3% at the PVA volume loading rate of $3.25g/\ell$.day. In observation of cross section of immobilized bead passed 5 months with diameter of 2.4mm, the growth of cell was limited by the resistance of substrate and oxygen transfer for the inners region of more than 48% of bead radius from the surface. It was estimated that 70% of total removed PVA was degraded by the immobilized cells in the continuous immobilized reactor. Substrate utilization rate in the suspended reactor was decreased with increasing dilution rates above 0.083 hr-1, but that in the immobilized reactor was increased with increasing dilution rates up to 0.125hr-1. The substrate removal efficiency of immobilized reactor was much superior to that of suspended reactor with increasing dilution rates. Saturation constant of substrate utilization rate equation, Ks was $6.6 g PVA/\ell$, and maximum specific substrate utilization. k was 0.175g PVA/g cell.hr