• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.103-108
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• 2016

In daily life, humans get stress very often. Stress is one of the important factors of healthy life and closely related to the quality of life. Too much stress is known to cause hormone imbalance of our body, and it is observed by the brain and bio signals. Based on this, the relationship between brain signal and stress is explored, and brain signal based stress index is proposed in our work. In this study, an EEG measurement device with 32 channels is adopted. However, only two channels (FP1, FP2) are used to this study considering the applicability of the proposed method in real enveironment, and to compare it with the commercial 2 channel EEG device. Frequency domain features are power of each frequency bands, subtraction, addition, or division by each frequency bands. Features in time domain are hurst exponent, correlation dimension, lyapunov exponent, etc. Total 6 subjects are participated in this experiment with English sentence reading task given. Among several candidate features, ${\frac{{\theta}\;power}{mid\;{\beta}\;power}}$ shows the best test performance (70.8%). For future work, we will confirm the results is consistent in low price EEG device.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.181-186
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• 2007

Inhibitor of DNA binding protein or inhibitor of differentiation(Id) is largely considered as positive and/or negative regulators of proliferation, differentiation, angiogeneisis, and apoptosis. The four Id genes(Id1, Id2, Id3, and Id4) were known in mammals. However, little is known about the expression and function of these genes in reproductive physiology. Among them, this study was conducted to analyze the expression pattern of Id3 mRNA on folliculogenesis in rat ovary. After PMSG administration, the ovaries were obtained at 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48hrs, fixed, dehydrated, and paraffin embedded. For in situ hybridization, anti-sense and sense Id3 cRNA probes were prepared and applied to the ovarian section. The ovarian sections were coated with NTB-2 emulsion. After that, the slides were developed and counterstained with hematoxylin and eosin staining. The hybridization signal was estimated on a scale of 1+ to 4+. In oocyte, the intensity of Id3 mRNA in primordial and primary follicles was scored at ${\geq}2+$, but the intensity was less than 1+ in secondary, dominant, and preovulatory follicles. In granulosa cells, the Id3 mRNA was strongly expressed(3+ or 4+) in dominant and preovulatory follicles. Taken together, Id3 mRNA was expressed specifically at follicle stages and follicular tissue and might be closely related with follicle development.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2008

Traditionally mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) sprouts has been stored after dehydration to decrease their decay. The study was done to determine the effect of watering for final 12 hours of harvest day on morphological characters and color of mungbean sprouts. The seeds of cv. Zhong Lu 1 were soaked in 50 ppm BA solution immediately before 4 hour aeration and then cultured for 6 days, when water-supplied for final 12 hours or not. After packaged with PE envelops, the sprouts stored 5 days at $8^{\circ}C$, and their morphological characters, fresh and dry weights, and colors were measured everyday. Compared to non-water supplied, water supplied sprouts had thicker hypocotyl diameter in middle part, and higher total fresh weight due to increment of cotyledon and hypocotyl ones although the two sprouts did nearly same in other characters. Only nonwater supplied sprouts showed higher color b value in hypocotyl than water supplied ones although there were not significant differences between them in other color-related characters, meaning that the latter ones were more rapidly decayed during their storage. In non-water supplied sprouts, number of lateral roots, hypocotyl and root lengths, total fresh weight, brightness of hypocotyl and root was decreased since 3 days after storage but cutting resistance of hypocotyl was done since 5 days.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.55-61
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• 2006

Graphics rendering pipeline (application, geometry, and rasterizer) is the core of real-time graphics which is the most important functionality for computer games. Usually this rendering process is completed by both the CPU and the GPU, and a bottleneck can be located either in the CPU or the GPU. This paper focuses on reducing the bottleneck between the CPU and the GPU. We are proposing a method for improving the performance of parallel processing for real-time graphics rendering by separating the CPU operations (usually performed using a thread) into two parts: pure CPU operations and operations related to the GPU, and let them operate in parallel. This allows for maximizing the parallelism in processing the communication between the CPU and the GPU. Some experiments lead us to confirm that our method proposed in this paper can allow for faster graphics rendering. In addition to our method of using a dedicated thread for GPU related operations, we are also proposing an algorithm for balancing the graphics pipeline using the idle time due to the bottleneck. We have implemented the two methods proposed in this paper in our networked 3D game engine and verified that our methods are effective in real systems.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.4A
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• pp.385-393
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• 2009

This study grasped the relationship between relative humidity in concrete and concrete shrinkage followed by pre-absorbed water of porous lightweight aggregates through measurements of concrete shrinkage and humidity and comparisons with established research results. It was showed that shrinkage reduction effect of lightweight concrete is 36% at 7 days early ages and 25% at 180 days long-term ages when water-binder ratio is 0.3. It also showed that shrinkage reduction effect is 19% at 7 days and 16% at 180 days when water-binder ratio is 0.4 and 37%, 32% when water-binder ratio is 0.5. The moisture supply effect of lightweight aggregates was remarkable at early age within 7~10 days irrespective of water-binder ratio. In case of waterbinder ratio is 0.3, the relationship between shrinkage and internal humidity of concrete has been underestimated regardless of applied existing model type and in case of water-binder ratio is 0.4, 0.5, measurement values are relatively similar with existing model equations. Finally this study did regression analyses about the relation among the humidity change and the shrinkage strain as a high-degree polynomial and derived parameters that can connect moisture movement analysis with differential shrinkage analysis in case of considering relative humidity at the time by moisture movement analysis of concrete.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.333-340
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• 2009

In the present study, ultrastructural features of the mesophyll tissue have been investigated in Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)-performing succulent Orostachys. A large central vacuole and numerous small vacuoles in the peripheral cytoplasm were characterized at the subcellular level in both developing and mature mesophyll cells. The most notable feature was the invagination of vacuolar membranes into the secondary vacuoles or multivesicular bodies. In many cases, tens of single, membrane-bound secondary vacuoles of various sizes were found to be formed within the central vacuole. multivesicular bodies containing numerous small vesicles were also distributed in the cytoplasm but were better developed within the central vacuole. Occasionally, electron-dense prevacuolar compartments, directly attached to structures appearing to be small vacuoles, were also detected in the cytoplasm. One or more huge central vacuoles were frequently observed in cells undergoing differentiation and maturation. Consistent with the known occurrence of morphologically distinct vacuoles within different tissues, two types of vacuoles, one representing lytic vacuoles and the other, most likely protein storage vacuoles, were noted frequently within Orostachys mesophyll. The two types coexisted in mature vegetative cells but did not merge during the study. Nevertheless, the coexistence of two distinct vacuole types in maturing cells implies the presence of more than one mechanism for vacuolar solute sorting in these species. The vacuolar membrane is known to be unique among the intracellular compartments for having different channels and/or pumps to maintain its function. In CAM plants, the vacuole is a very important organelle that regulates malic acid diurnal fluctuation to a large extent. The membrane invagination seen in Orostachys mesophyll likely plays a significant role in survival under the physiological drought conditions in which these Orostachys occur; by increasing to such a large vacuolar volume, the mesophyll cells are able to retain enormous amounts of acid when needed. Furthermore, the mesophyll cells are able to attain their large sizes with less energy expenditure in order to regulate the large degree of diurnal fluctuation of organic acid that occurs within the vacuoles of Orostachys.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.3 s.62
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• pp.421-430
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• 1997

Alveolar bone grows with development of tooth germs and roots; bone deposition occurs with tooth eruption. Bone components undergoes processes of resorption and deposition, and when the balance between them is disrupted, decrease in alveolar bone height or excessive bone deposition result. It has been hon that repositioning of teeth through orthodontic treatment can cause alveolar bone resorption which result in decreased alveolar bone height, and there have been many studies to evaluate such effects. X-ray films that could be replicated and standardized were chosen in clinical studies, and among them, bitewing films were used for objective evaluation of changes in alveolar bone level. Twenty subjects, 10 to 13-year- old (average 12.2) children with Cl I molar key, healthy oral condition, no congenital missing, no periodontal disease, and pre-and post-orthodontic bitewing films, were randomly selected for comparison of alveolar bone heights. Amounts of tooth and changes in alveolar bone heights were analyzed. The following results were obtained: 1. Amount of tooth movement in canine, premolar, and molar regions, changes in tooth axis, and changes in alveolar bone heights were measured, and the mean and median values were obtained. 2. When pre-and post-orthodontic alveolar bone levels were compared, larger changes were noticed in maxilla than mandible. 3. When mesio-distally compared, larger changes were observed in the distal sides of 3D3 and 4M3, mesial sides of 4M3 and 4D3, distal sides of 4D3 and 5M3, mesial sides of 5M3 and 5D3, md distal sides of 5D3 and 6M3. 4. When the amounts of tooth movements(TX, TY)and changes in tooth axis(A) were compared,34TX, 34TY, 34A of both sides in maxilla were greater, iud changes in alveolar bone level were greater than any other region.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.392-396
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• 2010

Purpose : The association between iron deficiency anemia and febrile convulsion in infants has been examined in several studies with conflicting results. Therefore, the authors aimed to evaluate the precise relationship involved. Methods : In this case-control study, the authors assessed 100 children with a diagnosis of febrile convulsion, aged between 9 months and 2 years, during January 2007 to July 2009. The control group consisted of 100 febrile children without convulsion; controls were closely matched to the cases by age, gender, and underlying disease. Results : The mean ages of the febrile convulsion and control group were $16.3{\pm}7.4$ and $15.8{\pm}6.1$ months, respectively, and the two groups had no differences in clinical features. Iron deficiency anemia (Hb <10.5 gm/dL) was more frequent in the febrile convulsion group than in the control group, although there was no statistical significance. Unexpectably, the RDW (red blood cell distribution width) was significantly lower and the MCNC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) was significantly higher among seizure cases than among the controls (P <0.05). There is no statistical difference between simple and complex febrile groups in the clinical and laboratory profiles. On multiple logistic regression analysis, iron deficiency anemia was more frequent, but the RDW was lower, among the cases with febrile convulsion, compared with the controls. Conclusions : Our study suggests that the iron deficiency anemia is associated with febrile convulsion, and screening for iron deficiency anemia should be considered in children with febrile convulsions.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.163-177
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• 2019

As smartphones are getting widely used, human activity recognition (HAR) tasks for recognizing personal activities of smartphone users with multimodal data have been actively studied recently. The research area is expanding from the recognition of the simple body movement of an individual user to the recognition of low-level behavior and high-level behavior. However, HAR tasks for recognizing interaction behavior with other people, such as whether the user is accompanying or communicating with someone else, have gotten less attention so far. And previous research for recognizing interaction behavior has usually depended on audio, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi sensors, which are vulnerable to privacy issues and require much time to collect enough data. Whereas physical sensors including accelerometer, magnetic field and gyroscope sensors are less vulnerable to privacy issues and can collect a large amount of data within a short time. In this paper, a method for detecting accompanying status based on deep learning model by only using multimodal physical sensor data, such as an accelerometer, magnetic field and gyroscope, was proposed. The accompanying status was defined as a redefinition of a part of the user interaction behavior, including whether the user is accompanying with an acquaintance at a close distance and the user is actively communicating with the acquaintance. A framework based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent networks for classifying accompanying and conversation was proposed. First, a data preprocessing method which consists of time synchronization of multimodal data from different physical sensors, data normalization and sequence data generation was introduced. We applied the nearest interpolation to synchronize the time of collected data from different sensors. Normalization was performed for each x, y, z axis value of the sensor data, and the sequence data was generated according to the sliding window method. Then, the sequence data became the input for CNN, where feature maps representing local dependencies of the original sequence are extracted. The CNN consisted of 3 convolutional layers and did not have a pooling layer to maintain the temporal information of the sequence data. Next, LSTM recurrent networks received the feature maps, learned long-term dependencies from them and extracted features. The LSTM recurrent networks consisted of two layers, each with 128 cells. Finally, the extracted features were used for classification by softmax classifier. The loss function of the model was cross entropy function and the weights of the model were randomly initialized on a normal distribution with an average of 0 and a standard deviation of 0.1. The model was trained using adaptive moment estimation (ADAM) optimization algorithm and the mini batch size was set to 128. We applied dropout to input values of the LSTM recurrent networks to prevent overfitting. The initial learning rate was set to 0.001, and it decreased exponentially by 0.99 at the end of each epoch training. An Android smartphone application was developed and released to collect data. We collected smartphone data for a total of 18 subjects. Using the data, the model classified accompanying and conversation by 98.74% and 98.83% accuracy each. Both the F1 score and accuracy of the model were higher than the F1 score and accuracy of the majority vote classifier, support vector machine, and deep recurrent neural network. In the future research, we will focus on more rigorous multimodal sensor data synchronization methods that minimize the time stamp differences. In addition, we will further study transfer learning method that enables transfer of trained models tailored to the training data to the evaluation data that follows a different distribution. It is expected that a model capable of exhibiting robust recognition performance against changes in data that is not considered in the model learning stage will be obtained.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.133-141
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• 2001

Purpose: Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) has been found to be the causative factors of apnea, stridor, feeding intolerance, poor weight gain, and sudden infants death syndrome (SIDS) in infants. GER is a well-described in infants and children, but only scant mention of the premature infants with GER can be found in the literature. Methods: Esophageal pH was measured during 24 hour in 21 healthy preterm infants, using a silicone microelectrode with an external reference electrode connected to a portable recorder. The mean age of the patients was $29{\pm}8$ days, mean gestational age was $30^{+5}{\pm}2^{+0}$ weeks, mean birth weight was $1,468{\pm}329$ g, mean postconceptional age was $34^{+6}{\pm}1^{+4}$ weeks and mean weight was $1,750{\pm}329$ g. We evaluated the following reflux parameters; number of acid reflux, number of long acid reflux, longest acid reflux minutes, and reflux index. Results: Pathologic GER was detected in 12 (57%) subjects and most interesting parameters are reflux index and number of episodes with a pH<4 during 24 hour (high correlation with postprandial reflux index). Reflux was not correlated to gestational age, birth weight, age, postconceptional age, weight, sex and medication of the theophylline. Conclusion: Gastroesophageal reflux is common in preterm infants, but it is usually not apparent, even with severe reflux.