• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.431-440
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• 2014

To propose the improvement and management plans to strengthen the pollutant removal efficiency of dam reservoir's constructed wetlands(CWs), the operation status and configuration of CWs (including water depth, operational flow, water flow distribution, residence time, and pollutant removal efficiency, aspect ratio, open water/vegetation ratio etc.) were analyzed in 10 major wetlands constructed in dam reservoirs. The pollutant concentrations in the inflows of the studied CWs were lower than those of American and European constructed wetlands. Especially, organic matter concentrations in all of inflows were below 3 mg/L(as BOD) due to advanced treatment of sewage disposal plant and an intake of low concentration water during dry and normal seasons. The average removal efficiency of total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP) for 10 CWs ranged from 7.6~67.6%(mean 24.9%) and -4.9~74.5%(mean 23.7%), respectively, showing high in wetlands treating municipal wastewater. On the other hand, the removal efficiency of BOD was generally low or negative with ranging from -133.3 to 41.7%. From the analysis of the operation status and configuration of CWs, it is suggested that the low removal efficiency of dam reservoir's CWs were caused by both structural (inappropriate aspect ratio, excessive open water area) and operational (neglecting water-level management, lack of facilities and operation for first flush treatment, lake of monitoring during rainy events) problems. Therefore, to enable to play a role as a reduction facility of non-point source(NPS) pollutants, an appropriate design and operation manuals for dam reservoir's CW is urgently needed. In addition, the monitoring during rainy events, when NPS runoff occur, must be included in operation manual of CW, and then the data obtained from the monitoring is considered in estimation of the pollutant removal efficiency by dam reservoir's CW.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.62-74
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• 2015

Urban areas are variously under threat including deterioration of ecological functions. Many pond wetland types have been created as part of an effort to improve and restore this urban environment. This study was arranged to examine improvement plans of wetlands in urban areas by analyzing semi-natural wetlands in farm areas. As for environment for water quality, it suggested the inflow of natural water neighboring rivers or the direct inflow of rain as the improvement plans. The result which analyzed soil pH, OM, and T-N content of the soil environment mentioned that urban areas supplied artificial sluices, removed apoptotic bodies, and used artificial soil and waterproofing materials and use of natural materials in design and construction, the sluice state of the natural form, and negligence of autumn plants were suggested as the improvement plans. Florae appeared in the subject sites of the study have found that there are 35 families 69 species in urban areas and 53 families 142 species in rural areas. As the average has found that there are 18.5 families 29.3 species in 4 urban areas and 26.3 families 53.5 species in 4 rural areas, the big difference between them was analyzed. As the cause has found that there are differences in yearly plants in farming areas when compared to urban areas, creation of various basic environments including soil and water quality was suggested to make yearly plants settle down widely. Naturalized plants have found that there are no big differences between urban areas and rural areas. However, the average of the naturalized ratio in urban areas is 17.4% as the naturalized plants are about 1/4 of the appeared plants. As it was analyzed to be higher than 7.7%, the average of the naturalized ratio in farming areas as the big difference, creation of various inhabiting environments was suggested to make more yearly plants appear like the analyzed result of the life type. Consideration of placement, materials, and inhabiting environments was suggested to make creation of wetlands well appreciated to improve functions of wetlands in urban areas. It is expected that the above results of the study will be utilized in creation and improvement of the pond wetlands which can play a huge role in increase and improvement of biological diversity in urban areas.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.970-970
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• 2012

최근 치수의 기능을 수행하면서 원래 자연하천의 모습을 보전 혹은 복원하는 "생태하천 복원 공법"의 필요성이 대두되고 있으나 구체적인 공법에 대한 연구는 미미한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 하천 내 시설물의 조성 시 유황에 따른 자연 하안 유도와 습지형태의 생물 서식공간 조성 유무를 평가하기 위하여 평창강 일원에 목재 유도틀을 설치하고 이에 따른 지형변화, 저서무척추동물을 포함한 수생생물들의 서식특성을 분석하였다. 평창강 금당계곡 일원을 대상으로 RMA-2 모형의 범용프로그램인 SMS 모형을 통해 수리 특성분석을 실시하였고 안산에 있는 수리모형 실험장에서 기본 수리특성 실험 후 수리적 안정성이 확보된 지점에 목재 유도틀을 2009년 9월에 설치하여 유도틀 설치 전과 설치 후 2010년 10월까지의 지형변화를 분석하였다. 지형의 측량은 광파측정기(니콘 DTM-520)로 하였으며 측량된 자료를 이용하여 Contour Map을 작성하여 지형변화를 분석하였고, 유도틀 설치지역을 중심으로 2010년에 3차에 걸쳐 지형 및 생물상 변화에 대한 정량 및 정성조사를 실시하여 비교분석 하였다. 유도틀 설치 후 2010년 하절기에 집중호우에 의한 유도틀의 파손 및 형태변형 등 문제가 없어 수리적으로 안정한 것으로 판단되었다. 지형 변화의 측면에서는 유도틀 조성 전 사질로 되어있던 단순한 선형의 하안이 유도틀 설치 후 다양한 하상재질 및 형태가 변화했으며 유도틀의 배치에 따라서 굼치 및 둠벙형 습지가 형성되었다. 유도틀 설치지역의 3개지점(상부, 중간배후습지, 하부)에서 저서무척추동물에 대하여 모니터링한 결과, 설치된 유도틀의 중간지점에서 가장 높게 종의 서식이 확인되었으며 상부지점과 하부지점은 상대적으로 낮게 나왔으나 상부지점 보다는 하부지점이 양호하게 나타났다. 조사시기별 개체수의 변화에서는 종수변화와 패턴이 유사하게 나타났으며 깔다구와 꼬마줄날도래등 특정종의 증식이 많았다. 또한, 굼치 및 둠벙형 습지 내에 어류의 치어 및 유어, 양서류, 파충류등 다양한 생물의 서식이 확인되었다. 이는 유도틀에 의해 생성 및 유도된 지형변화가 하천을 기반으로 생활하는 생물들에게 다양한 피난처 및 은신처 역할을 잘 제공하고 있음을 보여준다.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.57-89
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• 2007

The Korean government has put mamy efforts into the protection of ecological values of coastal and marine ecosystems since the mid 1990s, recognizing ecological values and economic contributions of coastal and marine ecosystems. Rapid increase of coastal and marine protected areas in terms of number and size implies the innovative change of national policy regarding ecosystem protection. As of the end of 2006, the total number and size of the protected areas account for 425 and $10,666.8km^2$ respectively. Despite of this achievement, the current policy regime on the protected areas has not been quite successful dealing with in managerial issues. The ambiguity and the lacking objectivity of designation criteria have, been causes of pending issues such as conflict outbreaks, 'paper parks', duplicated designation, etc. This paper aims at improving current designation criteria based on AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process). The suggestion of the study covers both the new designation criteria and the weighing factor on each criterion considering different ecological and socio-economic characteristics of 'wetland protected area' and 'marine protected area'.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.75-89
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to examine the hydraulic stability of the vegetation mat method on high water revetment. Recently, the river is managed not only for the flood control also for the environmental friendliness. For improving the environmental function of the river, the ecological river restoration projects are being performed. To ensure the stability of flood control, instead of removal of concrete revetment, the vegetation mat method has been widely used on the recovery soil. However, the recovery soil method often failed to be stable against the flood, which has caused the economic loss. In this study, the rate of soil loss is evaluated by the hydraulic experiments. Also, the velocity distribution on high water revetment is analyzed by both the hydraulic and numerical experiments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.80-91
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• 2005

This research aims to classify wetland types and evaluate functions of a dam lake. The case study area is Boryung lake in Boryung City. In this study was carried out based upon field surveys, drawing maps and publication, and modified-RAM which can evaluate the general functions and conservation values of wetlands. Eight functions of 2-12 variables each are analyzed for assessing the wetland functions. The analysis shows that several types of wetlands were identified, such as Palustrine/ Perennial/ Hydrophytes, Palustrine/ Perennial/ Openwater, Palustrine/ Seasonal/ Herbal, Palustrine/ Seasonal/ Shrub and Scrub, Palustrine/ Seasonal/ Hydrophye, and Riparian/ Seasonal/ Shrub in the Boryung lake. The average level of functions of the wetlands is very "HIGH", and it is recommended that prompt conservation measures should be taken.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.455-463
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• 2011

Conventional construction technologies have been continually applied without consideration of its impact to the environment. This resulted to various problems including the negative responses of local citizens that regarded some constructed facilities as aversive facilities causing environmental and hydraulic problems in the urban area, etc. To prevent these problems, therefore, alternative methods should be undertaken. A new approach termed "Low Impact Development (LID)" technology is currently adapted in developed countries around the world. This study aims to investigate the efficiency of the developed small constructed wetland (SCW) with horizontal subsurface flow as a LID technique applicable in urban areas. Two test-bed facilities were constructed and monitoring had been conducted between July 2010 and June 2011. Based on the findings, the removal efficiencies achieved for TSS, $COD_{Cr}$, TN, TP, Total Fe, Total Pb for the SCW-1 were 66, 53, 46, 55, 67 and 50%, respectively. On the other hand, the SCW-2 attained 82, 62, 51, 48, 74 and 42% efficiency for TSS, $COD_{Cr}$, TN, TP, Total Fe, Total Pb, respectively. The results indicated that the removal of particulate matter and heavy metals which are considered as main pollutants from stormwater runoff in urban areas was satisfactory in the system. Therefore, the test-beds proved to be appropriate for the treatment of pollutants in urban landuses such as road, parking lot, etc. The results of this study can contribute to the conservation of aquatic ecosystems and restoration of natural water cycle in the urban areas.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.107-112
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• 2006

This study aim is to establish the suitability analysis of a constructed wetland using Geographic Information System. A constructed wetland is a flood control reservoir that is able to control flows and conserve a preserving integrity of nature maximum. It has been did that DB construction of flood area, socioeconomic analysis, and space analysis using GIS. Achieved reiteration arithmetic function from results of several elements, it has been did analysis for possibility space of constructed wetland. Through the analysis of flood area and a constructed wetland capacity, it has been established the estimation where is possible to build wetland. This study is applied suitability analysis method where has been choose the basin of To-Phyeong river in Kyongsang-namdo with methodology presentation about suitability analysis.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.442-442
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• 2018

강의 하도와 연결되어 간헐적으로 침수되는 홍수터는 가장 생산적인 육역 서식처 중 하나이다. 하지만 도시 개발과 농업이용은 강의 하도와 홍수터와의 연결을 제한함으로써 그 기능이 상당부분 축소되었다. 이에 기존 홍수터 서식처를 특성화하고 미래 홍수터 복원을 계획하는 것은 하천관리 및 생태계 회복을 위해서도 매우 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 홍수 흐름의 규모, 시기, 기간, 빈도 등을 포함한 하천 유황 특성과 생태적 반응이 나타나는 홍수터 영역과 흐름 특성을 연계함으로써 서식처를 정량화 하고자 하였다. 이를 위한 홍수터 복원의 시나리오는 현재 지형(기존 홍수터), 제방후퇴, 제방후퇴/구하도 복원, 제방후퇴/배후습지 조성으로 설정하였다. 홍수터 서식처를 정량화하기 위한 방법으로는 일 유량의 수문통계학적 분석, 수리학적 모델링을 통한 범람 분석, 어류 물리서식처 모델링을 통한 가중가용면적 분석 등을 수행하였다. 그 결과 잠재복원영역(Potential Restored Area)에서 연중 기대되는 서식처 면적(Expected Annual Habitat Area)의 크기는 제방후퇴/배후습지 조성, 제방후퇴/구하도 복원, 제방후퇴, 기존 홍수터 순으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 제안된 홍수터 복원에 따른 서식처 정량화 방안은 홍수터 복원 계획 설계 시 시나리오 별 서식처 복원효과를 예측 평가함으로써 보다 효과적인 방안을 마련할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.312-320
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• 2020

Various LIDs with natural water circulation function are applied to reduce urban environmental problems and environmental impact of development projects. However, excessive Infiltration and evaporation of LID facilities dry the LID internal soil, thus reducing plant and microbial activity and reducing environmental re duction ability. The purpose of this study was to develop a real-time measurement system with complex sensors to derive the management plan of LID facilities. The test of measurable sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) application was conducted in artificial wetlands shaped in acrylic boxes. The applied sensors were intended to be built at a low cost considering the distributed LID and were based on Arduino and Raspberry Pi, which are relatively inexpensive and commercialized. In addition, the goal was to develop complex sensor measurements to analyze the current state o f LID facilities and the effects of maintenance and abnormal weather conditions. Sensors are required to measure wind direction, wind speed, rainfall, carbon dioxide, Micro-dust, temperature and humidity, acidity, and location information in real time. Data collection devices, storage server programs, and operation programs for PC and mobile devices were developed to collect, transmit and check the results of measured data from applied sensors. The measurements obtained through each sensor are passed through the Wifi module to the management server and stored on the database server in real time. Analysis of the four-month measurement result values conducted in this study confirmed the stability and applicability of ICT technology application to LID facilities. Real-time measured values are found to be able to utilize big data to evaluate the functions of LID facilities and derive maintenance measures.