• Membrane Journal
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.375-388
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• 2017

Wastewater treatment (WWT) technology has been developing from simple pollutant treatment to energy and resource-saving advanced technology, and various technologies combined with IT and BT are developed to minimize the amount of pollutant and toxic substance discharge to the public water areas and to improve operational efficiency. To examine the development trend of domestic wastewater treatment technology, the registered patent technologies were surveyed, classified and analyzed by year and sector. This paper considers the status of patent registration related to WWT from 2010.1 to 2017.5 in terms of the number of specific technical areas, and the trends are analyzed based on the 10 categorization field such as biological and physicochemical treatment process, equipment and device, material, sludge treatment, membrane, process control and 42 specific technical areas. A total of 3,356 patents have been registered since 2010, and the number of patents has been decreasing since the peak at 2013 and maintains 3~400 per year. The total number of patents has not yet been less than other countries, but the number of patents of more advanced technologies, which can lead the global market, such as process monitoring, new concept processing and equipment technologies is still insufficient compared to developed countries.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.117-122
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• 2007

The hydrodynamic behaviors of the clarifier with an interior baffle in a wastewater treatment plant was investigated by using a radiotracer $^{99m}Tc$(30 40 mCi) to verify the results of CFD(computational fluid dynamics) modelling in the previous study. The clarifier model was manufactured with consideration to the hydraulic similarity(1/21) of a real plant($L{\times}W{\times}H:2.6{\times}0.4{\times}0.2m$). By installation of an interior baffle to the clarifier, the strong density current at the bottom of the clarifier decreased substantially and increased the area of sludge settling zone, which were visualized successfully from the radiotracer experiment. Also the portion of short circuit stream changed from 48 % to 32 % and the mean residence time of sludge decreased from 940 sec to 810 sec, which corresponds to the results of CFD modelling. As a result, it is anticipated that radiotracer technology can be used as an important tool for designing new wastewater treatment plants and verifying their performances after structural modifications.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.75-86
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• 2003

In the near future, the capacity of conventional anaerobic digester is thought to be insufficient because of the increase of the total solids from expansion of intercepting sewer, sewage quantity and direct input of night soil from near apartment districts. The objectives of this study was to investigate the improvement of digestion efficiency using microbial agent(Bio-dh). The system was a pilot-scale, two-staged, anaerobic sludge digestion system. The first-stage digester was heated and mixed. The agitation velocity of the first-stage digester was 120rpm. The second-stage digester was neither heated nor mixed. The Digestion temperature was kept at $35{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ The detention time of digester was 19 days. The dosage of sewage sludge and microbial agent were $0.65m^3/day$ and $0.5{\ell}/day$, respectively. The experiments was run for 25days. Three times a week, $COD_{Mn}$ and SS of effluent, TS, VS, and biogas production rate were measured. Temperature, pH, and alkalinity were measured daily. The results were as follows ; Without microbial agent, digestion efficiencies ranged 46.0%~50.9%(mean=48.6%), with microbial agent(Bio-dh), digestion efficiencies ranged 52.8%~57.3%(mean=54.2%). Consequently, microbial agent(Bio-dh) increased the sludge digestion efficiency about 12%. Also, Without microbial agent, the mean concentration of $COD_{Mn}$ and SS of second-stage digester effluent were 1,639mg/L, 4,888mg/L respectively. With microbial agent, the mean concentration of $COD_{Mn}$ and SS of second-stage digester effluent were 859mg/L, 2,405mg/L respectively. Consequently, microbial agent(Bio-dh) increased the removal efficiency of $COD_{Mn}$ and SS about 47.6% and 50.8%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 1999

Three different types of lab-scale anaerobic bioreactors, AF and two-stage ASBF-PR and ASBF-SP, were evaluated in treating swine wastewater by operating at $1{\sim}2$ days of hydraulic retention time with increasing organic loading rate upto 6.3 $kg-COD/m^3{\cdot}d$ at $35^{\circ}C$. Seeding the anaerobic bioreactors with waste anaerobic digester sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant was effective and a 40-day acclimation period was required for steady-state operation. Three anaerobic bioreactors were effective in treating swine wastewater with COD removal efficiency of $66.4{\sim}84.9$% and biogas production rate of $0.333{\sim}0.796m^3/kg-COD_{removed}{\cdot}d$. Increases of organic loading rate by increasing influent COD concentration and/or decreasing hydraulic retention time caused decreases in COD removal efficiency and increases in biogas production rate. At relatively high organic loading rate employed in this study, the treatment efficiency of AF and ASBF-PR were similar but superior than that of ASBF-SP, indicating that porosity and pore size of the media packed in the bioreactors are more important factors contributing the performance of to bioreactors than specific surface area of the media. TKN in swine wastewater must be removed prior to the anaerobic processes when anaerobic process is considered as a major treatment process since influent TKN concentration of $1,540{\sim}1,870mg/L$ to the bioreactors adversely affect the activity of methanogenic bacteria, resulting in decreases of treatment efficiency and biogas production rate by 50%.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.85-102
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• 1993

This study was conducted to achieve develop organic sludge recycling technology as sludge make a prey of earthworm. Therefore sludge treatment and recycling technology is an important field by which this research project to solve landfill site and reduction treatment expense using vermicomposting treatment process on the waste sludge from the biological wastewater treatment plant. In experimental results on the optimum conditions of vermicomposting of nightsoil treatment sludge, survival rates were observed 98.3% in temperature of $10-15^{\circ}C$, 75% in pH 5.8-7.5 and 100% in density of $1/79.8cm^3$, respectively. Liveweight changes of earthworm were increased 266% in temperature of $10-15^{\circ}C$, 227% in pH 5.8-7.5 and 325 % in density $1\;cap./79.8cm^3$, respectively. Casting production rate were generated 0.06 g/cap./day in temperature $20-25^{\circ}C$, 0.065 g/cap./day in pH 5.8-7.5 and 0.1 g/cap./day in density $1\;cap./79.8cm^3$, respectively. Cocoon production numbers were observed 3.8 ea. /cap.in $10-15^{\circ}C$, 2.95 ea./cap.in pH 5.8-7.5 and 3.16 ea./cap. in $1\;cap./79.8cm^3$ during 6 weeks, respectively. pH was droped by 6.2 to 5.7, volatile solids was decreased by 2.9%, $NH_3-N$ were also reduced by $6.984{\mu}g/g$ to $0.991{\mu}g/g$. $NO_3-N$, however, were increased by $3.213{\mu}g/g$ to $7.706{\mu}g/g$. Fecal coliforms and pathogenic bacteria are analyzed by microbiological method to assess public health safety of casting. Number of fecal coliform groups were reduced 88.6-99.1% (Avg. 95.7%) approximately. And pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Shiegella and Vibrio, were not isolated from the earthworm cast.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.396-396
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• 2022

생물전기화학적 혐기성소화(Bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion; BEAD)는 소량의 전압공급을 통해 고농도 하·폐수의 효과적인 처리 및 에너지 회수가 가능한 처리방법으로, 기존 하·폐수처리공정(활성슬러지 및 그 변법)에서 벗어나기 위한 방법 중 하나로 연구되고 있지만, 내부저항 및 전극구조에 따른 물질전달저해로 인해 소규모 연구 위주로 진행되었다. 하지만 stainless steel(SS) 등 내부저항을 완화할 수 있는 전극재료 및 전극구조 개선 연구가 진행됨에 따라 BEAD 적용규모가 증가하는 추세이며, 본 연구에서는 100 L의 용량에서 전극재질 및 구조에 따른 적용적합성을 에너지효율 비교를 통해 평가하였다. 반응조는 비교를 위한 AD, 반응조 내부에 전극을 설치한 BEAD, 반응조 외부에 전극이 포함된 반응조를 추가한 ABEAD로 구성하였으며, AD 및 BEAD는 기계적 교반, ABEAD는 기계적 교반 및 펌프를 통한 bulk 용액 순환으로 물질전달이 이뤄졌다. 또한 BEAD는 탄소계 전극, ABEAD는 SS계 전극을 사용하였으며 두 반응조 모두 0.4 V의 전압을 공급하였다. 실험조건은 유효용량 100 L, 유기물부하율 3 kg/m³/d, HRT 20 days 및 중온소화(35℃)으로 운전하였다. 실험결과 AD, BEAD 및 ABEAD의 유기물제거율은 각각 평균 68.1 %, 68.9 %, 74.9 %로 전극 및 반응조의 분리를 통해 물질전달을 개선한 ABEAD에서 증가하였다. 에너지 생성량의 경우 AD에 비해 BEAD는 평균 229 kJ/d, ABEAD는 309 kJ/d가 추가 생성되었으며 유기물제거율이 높은 ABEAD에서 더 높은 에너지생산이 이뤄졌다. 마지막으로 전압공급으로 인한 에너지소비량은 BEAD는 평균 3.4 kJ/d, ABEAD는 평균 0.9 kJ/d로 전극의 낮은 생물적합성으로 인해 전극에서의 생화학반응이 적은 ABEAD가 에너지소비량이 낮았다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 SS 전극의 사용가능성 및 전극구조 개선에 따른 에너지효율성 향상을 확인할 수 있었으며, 추후 연구에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.694-699
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• 2008

Considering the severe regulation associated with sludge treatment such as direct landfill and ocean dumping, there is no doubt in that an advanced study for the proper treatment of sludge is urgently needed in near feature. As one of viable method for sludge treatment, fry-drying of sludge by waste oil has been investigated in this study. The fundamental mechanism of this drying method lies in the phenomenon of rapid moisture escape in the sludge pore toward oil media. This is caused by the severe pressure gradient formed by the rapid oil heating between sludge and oil. As part of research effort of fry-drying using waste oil, a series of basic study has been made experimentally to obtain typical drying curves as function of important parameters such as drying temperature, drying time, oil type and geometrical shape of sludge formed. Based on this study, a number of useful conclusion can be drawn as following. The fry-drying method by oil immersion was found quite effective in the removal efficiency of sludge moisture, in general, the moisture content decreases significantly after 10 minutes and the whole moisture content was less than 5% after 14 minutes regardless of the drying temperature. The increase of oil temperature up to 140$^{\circ}C$ favors significantly for the removal of moisture but there was no visible difference above 140$^{\circ}C$. As expected, the decrease of diameter in sludge was efficient in drying due to the increased surface area per unit volume. Further, the effect of oil property by the change of oil type was noted. To be specific, for the case of engine oil the efficiency was found to be remarkably delayed in moisture evaporation compared with that of vegetable oil due to the increased viscosity of engine oil. It produced a result of increasing the evaporation of moisture largely relatively high in the drying temperature over 140$^{\circ}C$ compared with the drying temperature 120$^{\circ}C$ drying temperature as the drying time passed. Accordingly, the drying temperature is considered desirable as keeping over 140$^{\circ}C$ regardless of a sort of used oil.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 2020

For effective treatment of wastewater containing ammonium nitrogen (NH₄-N), AT2, AT9, and AT12 strains, having high total organic carbon (TOC) removal capability, and FN47, possessing excellent ammonia nitrogen removal capability present in the activated sludge in the aeration tank of food wastewater treatment plants, were isolated and identified. The cells of these isolated strains were used for microbial augmentation with FIW-1 in the defatted rice bran as a medium to treat industrial wastewater. The investigation of the cultural characteristics of these isolated strains in the aeration tank showed that the affinities for substrate of the isolated strains were extremely high, of which AT12 (Alcaligenes sp. AT12) was the highest among the isolated strains. Ammonium nitrogen removal efficiency in the food wastewater was 71% in the isolated strain FN47 (Microbacterium sp. FN47) treatment group. When only activated sludge was added in the lab scale pilot using food wastewater during continuous culture experiment, the TOC removal efficiency was 63%. Meanwhile, the removal efficiency of 92% was obtained when the microbial augmentation FIW-1 for wastewater treatment was applied. In addition, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) level from the effluent wherein microbial augmentation FIW-1 was input for the initial three days in the wastewater treatment site experiment showed a treatment rate of about 43%, which was increased to 62% after an elapse of 5 days.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.232-238
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to investigate a small sewage treatment system. This system was developed to improve a nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency and generate less solid using upflow septic tank(UST) - aerobic filter(AF) system. The UST equipped with an aerobic filter, the filter was fed with both raw sewage and recycled effluent from the UST to induce the denitrification and solid reduction simultaneously. Overall removal efficiencies of COD and total nitrogen(TN) were above 96% and 73% at recycle ratio of 200%, respectively. Critical coagulant dose without the biochemical activity was found to be 40 mg/L. Removal efficiency of total phosphorus(TP) in influent was above 90% by chemical and biological reactions. Although the phosphorus concentration was low under the high alkalinity in raw sewage, the pH value was unchanged by the coagulant dose.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.1677-1680
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• 2006

하수처리장의 침전지 구조물은 고형물(SS) 및 현탁물을 침전, 제거하여 하수의 정화를 도모하는 시설로 초기 유입 하수의 생물학적 처리로 인해 발생되는 슬러지와 처리수를 분리함에 그 목적을 두고 있다. 침전지 구조물은 장소의 제약 및 침전지의 효율성 측면에서 많은 공법이 제안되고 있으며, 그중 이층 침전지의 경우 구조물의 시공비용 절감 및 공간 활용측면에서 단층 침전지에 비해 우수성을 인정받고 있다. 하지만 상 하 층에 위치하고 있는 침전지 유입부의 위치적 특성으로 인해 균등한 유량의 분배가 이루어지지 않고 유량이 한곳에 집중되는 현상으로 보일 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 3차원 수치모형인 FLOW-3D를 이용하여 이층 침전지의 유량분배 최적화를 위한 설계인자를 도출 하였다. 특히 상 하층에 위치하고 있는 유입부의 위치적인 특성을 고려하여 유입부의 직경을 상층 $500mm{\sim}600mm$, 하층 $500mm{\sim}700mm$으로 변화시키며 수치모의를 수행하였으며, 유입량의 분배효과를 확인하기 위해 각 동일한 위치에서 유입량을 산정하였다. 각 케이스별 분배효과를 분석한 결과 상 하층의 유입부 직경을 상층 600mm 와 하층 700mm를 적용했을 경우 유입량의 표준편차가 가장 작게 발생하며, 침전지 내부의 흐름이 원활하게 이루어지는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구에서는 상용 CFD모형인 FLOW-3D를 계획 중인 H하수처리장의 이층 침전지 설계에 적용하였으며 유입부 직경에 따른 분배효과를 분석하였다.