• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.75-84
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• 1999

Minnesota state law requires County Extension Committees (CECs). The County Board of Commissioners appoints committee members. Extension Educators are responsible for using CECs to assure the value of Extension work in the County. This paper will explore underlying values, principles and practices that can effect the utilization of CECs in ways that benefit the work of Extension and make the process a good experience for CEC members and Extension Educator. The paper is based primarily on readings in the Journal of Extension, interviews with two Extension Educator, and information provided by the University of Minnesota Extension Service for CEC members.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2006

Objectives : The object of this study was to examine computer game playing patterns and psychopathologies related to computer game addiction in school-age children. Methods : The subjects were 533 elementary school students (4th to 6th grade) in Kangdonggu, Seoul. We evaluated computer playing patterns of all subjects using computer game playing pattern questionnaire, and determined the risk group of computer game addiction by internet game addiction scale score. We evaluated subscale score of K-CBCL from parents of all subjects, and conducted correlation analysis and logistic regression analysis between computer game addiction and subscale score of K-CBCL. Results : In 488 responders, 10.2% of started playing computer game in preschool age, and 67.2% started at low grade of elementary school. The mean frequency of computer game play per week was 3.66 days. Mean time spent playing computer games per day was 1.89 hours. 'Simply for fun' was the most common reason far playing computer games (40.8%). Male subjects showed statistically significant differences in age of starting computer game, frequency of computer game play per week, reasons for playing computer game and computer game addiction scale scores. There were significant correlations between computer game addiction scale scores and academic performance, somatic complaints, attention problems, and internalizing problems in K-CBCL. But In logistic regression analysis, only attention problems among K-CBCL subscales showed significant predictability to computer game addiction. Conclusion : Upper grade elementary school students experienced computer game playing at the very early age, and spend much time in playing computer games. There were significant correlation and predictability between computer game addiction and attention problems.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.808-834
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• 2007

This study attempts to elucidate manifold dimensions of gendered accessibility experiences. How gender roles(household responsibilities) differentiate accessibility experiences between women and men is explored through the comparison of married dual-earner couples' parental status, using the US Portland activity-travel diary dataset with GIS-based geocomputation results of(time-geography based) space-time accessibility. First, this study shows how gender division of labor within the household still permeates current society, despite the widespread belief of the social change toward a gender-egalitarian society. Then, the study pays special attention to the way gender roles structure individual accessibility experiences of women and men differently, and, in turn, the way such accessibility experiences take a form of gendered spatiality. Gendered spatiality is examined through the analysis of accessibility space as well as activity space in order to ascertain women's home-attached and spatially entrapped characteristics. More household responsibilities throughout a day and, even more, the time constraint of picking up children at the daycare centers after work lead women's possible activity space to be more home-centered. The analysis of the spatio-temporal context of accessibility space makes gendered spatiality visible. However, the findings suggest that behavioral outcomes should be understood with an explicit awareness of constraints individuals face. It is because the revealed activity spaces can be not only an outcome of constraint but also an outcome of choice. Behavioral outcomes should not be treated as a straightforward expression of the level of constraints. It is problematic to expect that behavioral outcomes directly mirror the level of constraints. It is also problematic to suppose that the level of constraints can be straightforwardly elicited from revealed behavioral outcomes.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.81-98
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• 2004

This study is to conduct the basic study for the achievement and assessment standards for the subject of 'Human Development' and 'Food and Nutrition', which are the curricula of Vocational Home Economics High Schools. These two subjects were newly adopted in the Vocational study Section of the 2005 College Entrance Examinations. In other words, this study is to provide the basic data for implementing the quality education based on the proper assessment of the curricula. For this purpose. this study analyzed the character & objective of 'Human Development' and 'Food and Nutrition'. Secondly. through the theoretical review for the concept & necessity of absolute evaluation standards. this study ensures the concept of achievement and assessment standards. and also designs the developing measures (including procedures). The achievement standards were developed by the following 5 step procedures. (1) Analyzing the objectives & contents of curricula. (2) Designating the development field of achievement standards (3) Developing the achievement standards. (4) The assessment of achievement standards. (5) Confirming the achievement standards. The assessment standards were developed by the following 5 step procedures. (1) Analyzing the achievement standards, (2) Designating the assessment field (3) Developing the assessment standards (4) Evaluating the assessment standards (5) Confirming the assessment standards Thirdly, this study suggested the exemplary achievement standards and assessment standards for the subject of Human Development, Food and Nutrition. Future study needs some critical review for the method of developing achievement and assessment standards for the subject of Human Development, Food and Nutrition. For example. the properness of 'Contents Element' which was designated as the developing field in the achievement standards, the discussion on validity of Contents Element abstract. the base of evaluating classification in terms of low, middle and high level, and other things should be considered through critical discussion. Especially the follow-up study should include the development of various evaluating methods to enable the clear communication for the achievement and assessment standards based on abstract concept and theory, thereby it could enable the actual interpretation and practical use.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.1154-1161
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to determine the possibility of using Sophorae fructus as natural health food source. To accomplish this purpose, the contents of general and antioxidative nutrients of Sophora fructus were measured. The contents of carbohydrate, crude protein, crude lipid and ash are 75.9%, 16.4%, 2.41%, and 5.2%, respectively, while the calories of Sophora fructus was 337.3 kcal. Total dietary fiber was 15.07% of total carbohydrates. The percentages of water soluble dietary fiber to insoluble dietary fiber were 1.09% and 10.36%, respectively. The protein was composed of a total of 18 different kinds of amino acids. The contents of essential and non-essential amino acids were 2,310.91 mg and 5,218.52 mg. The K was the largest mineral followed by Ca, P and Mg, which means Sophorae fructus is alkali material. The contents of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 24.94%, 32.40%, and 32.86%, respectively. Therefore, the amount of the total unsaturated fatty acid was higher than that of any other plant. The content of vitamin C in Sophorae fructus was higher than that of any other plant, which suggests that it could increase blood elasticity. The content of rutin, which is responsible for capillary vessel permeability, was 1.78%. The contents of water soluble antioxidative materials in 1 mL of water-extracted Sophorae fructus were $4.95\;{\mu}g$ which is comparable to 1,560.96 mmol of vitamin C in antioxidant effect. The general nutrients and other antioxidatant bioactive materials in Sophorae fructus were also potential materials for good health food. It is expected that a follow up study on Sophorae fructus through developing processed food and evaluation of their functional properties would provide useful information as a source of medicinal foods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.10
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• pp.1519-1526
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• 2014

This study investigated the biological activities and effects of Korean Zingiber mioga R. (flower buds and rhizome) on memory. The general composition, minerals, anti-oxidative activities, and AChE inhibitory effects were analyzed, and NORT (Novel object recognition test) and Y-Maze test in vivo were performed. The general contents (moisture, crude fat, crude protein, and crude ash; wet basis) of ZB (flower buds) were 91.96%, 0.15%, 1.99%, and 11.90%, respectively. The general contents (moisture, crude fat, crude protein, and crude ash; wet basis) of ZR (rhizome) were 75.21%, 0.53%, 2.20%, and 9.50%, respectively. The macro mineral contents (Ca, P, Na, and K) of ZB were 31.70 mg%, 15.20 mg%, 8.20 mg%, and 258.60 mg%, respectively. Inhibitory effects (IC50 value) of DPPH and ABTS radicals were higher with ZBD (flower buds water extract) than with ZBE (flower buds EtOH extract), ZRD (rhizome water extract) or ZRE (rhizome EtOH extract). AChE inhibitory effect of ZBD was higher and that of ZRD. NORT and Y-Maze test were performed with scopolamine-induced mice treated with ZBD and ZBE. In NORT, effects of ZBD and ZBE were similar to that of donepezil. In the Y-maze test, performances of ZBD and ZBE-treated mice were similar to that of the normal group. These results suggest that Korean Zingiber mioga R. has potential to be developed into a new functional food for cognition enhancement in the global food market.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.266-274
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• 2010

This study aim to investigate fundamentally the growth and physiological responses of tomato plants in responses to two different levels of water deficit, a weak drought stress (-25 kPa) and a severe drought stress (-100 kPa) in soil. The two levels of water deficit were maintained using a micro-irrigation system consisted of soil sensors for the real-time monitoring of soil water content and irrigation modules in a greenhouse experiment. Soil water contents were fluctuated throughout the 30 days treatment period but differed between the two treatments with the average -47 kPa in -25 kPa set treatment and the -119 kPa in -100 kPa set treatment. There were significant differences in plant height between the two different soil water statuses in plant height without differences of the number of nodes. The plants grown in the severe water-deficit treatment had greater accumulation of biomass than the plants in the weak water-deficit treatment. The severe water-deficit treatment (-119 kPa) also induced greater leaf area and leaf dry weight of the plants than the weak water-deficit treatment did, even though there was no difference in leaf area per unit dry weight. These results of growth parameters tested in this study indicate that the severe drought could cause an adaptation of tomato plants to the drought stress with the enhancement of biomass and leaf expansion without changes of leaf thickness. Greater relative water content of leaves and lower osmotic potential of sap expressed from turgid leaves were recorded in the severe water deficit treatment than in the weak water deficit treatment. This finding also postulated physiological adaptation to be better water status under drought stress. The drought imposition affected significantly on photosynthesis, water use efficiency and stomatal conductance of tomato plants. The severe water-deficit treatment increased PSII activities and water use efficiency, but decreased stomatal conductance than the weak water-deficit treatment. However, there were no differences between the two treatments in total photosynthetic capacity. Finally, there were no differences in the number and biomass of fruits. These results suggested that tomato plants have an ability to make adaptation to water deficit conditions through changes in leaf morphology, osmotic potentials, and water use efficiency as well as PSII activity. These adaptation responses should be considered in the screening of drought tolerance of tomato plants.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.1-16
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• 2012

Under the international business circumstance, global supply chain management is considered a vital strategic challenge to small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs) suffering from deficient resources and capabilities to exploit overseas markets comparing with large corporations. That is because they can expand their business domains into overseas markets by establishing strategic alliances with global supply chain partners. Although a wide range of previous researches have emphasized the cooperative networks in the chain, most are ignoring the importance of developing relational characteristics such as trust and reciprocity with the partners. Besides, verifying the relational factors influencing firms' export performances, some studies proposed different and inconsistent factors. According to the social capital theory, which is the social quality and networks facilitating close cooperation of inter-individual and inter-organization, provides the integrated view to identify the relational characteristics in the aspects of network, trust and reciprocal norm. Meanwhile, a number of researchers shows that global entrepreneurship is the internal and intangible resource necessary to promote SMEs' internationalization. Upon closer examination, however, they cannot explain clearly its influencing mechanism in the inter-firm cooperative relationships. This study is to verify the effect of social capital accumulated within global supply chain on SMEs' qualitative and quantitative export performance. In addition, we shed new light on global entrepreneurship expected to be concerned with the formation of social capital and the enhancement of export performances. For this purpose, the questionnaires, developed through literature review, were collected from 192 Korean SMEs affiliated in Korean Medium Industries Association and Global Chief Executive Officer's Club focusing on their memberships' international business. As a result of multi-regression analysis, the social capital - network, trust and reciprocal norm shared with global supply chain partner - as well as global entrepreneurship - innovativeness, proactiveness and risk-taking - have positive effect on SMEs' export performances. Also global entrepreneurship affects positively social capital which has mediating effect partially in the relationship between global entrepreneurship and performances. These results means that there is a structural process - global entrepreneurship(input), social capital(output), and export performances(outcome). In other words, a firm should consistently invest in and develop the social capital with global supply chain partners in order to achieve common goals, establish strategic collaborations and obtain long-term export performances. Furthermore, it is required to foster the global entrepreneurship in an organization so as to build up the social capital. More detailed practical issues and discussion are made in the conclusion.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.61-102
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• 2007

This study empirically analyzed how human resource management(HRM) practices affect the performance of venture firms using The results of the study are as follows: First of all, several HRM practices were found to affect organizational performance significantly. Specifically, ${(1)}$ recruitment and selection practices were negatively related to turnover, which seemed to mean that effective staffing including development of good recruitment pools and rigorous selection process lower turnover, and ${(2)}$ training and development, compensation, and labor-management relations were positively related to subjective performance of the firms, which implied that as the venture firms provide more opportunities of training and development to employees, provide compensation on the basis of performance, and develop cooperative labor-management relations, the subjective performance of the venture firms Increases. Secondly, negative interaction effects were found to exist between competitive strategies and HRM practices on organizational performance. Specifically, ${(1)}$ the interaction between differentiation strategy and compensation were significantly related to turnover, ${(2)}$ HRM planning and training and development interacted with differentiation strategy to significantly affect subjective organizational performance, and ${(3)}$ HRM planning, selection, training and development, compensation and communication practices interacted with technology innovation strategy to affect subjective organizational performance. So far, there have not been many studies which deal with HRM practices of venture firms in Korea. Thus, it is hoped that this study stimulate more research efforts on theory development and empirical studies on HRM practices of venture firms. Also, it is hoped that government conduct more policy studies and provide more resources in HRM area of the venture firms. Specifically, it is suggested that government take proactive steps to improve industrial skilled staff and technical researcher systems in order to alleviate the problems of workforce shortages in venture firms. And it IS also suggested that regional human resource development programs be introduced with the participation of the firms, local governments, and universities.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.199-214
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of organic dietary metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) on productivity, meat quality and blood composition of crossbred chicks (hanhyub 3 ho) for different growring periods. Experiments were factorially designed with ME 3,000, 3,100kcal/kg and CP 21, 22, 23% for starter (0-4wks); ME 3,100, 3,150, 3,200kcal/kg and CP 18, 19, 20% for grower (5-8wks); ME 3,100, 3,150, 3,200kcal/kg and CP 15, 16, 17% for finisher (9-10wks). The total number of chicks and replicate of each treatment for starter, grower, finisher were 720, 4; 702, 6; 468, 4, respectively. The diets was mixed with more 90% organic feed ingredients. The productivity were not influence by dietary ME for starting period. Weight gain and feed intake were significantly increased in CP 23% treatment than CP 21, 22% treatment (P<0.05). FCR was improved as dietary CP increased (P<0.05). Weight gain was tended to be increased by decreaing ME content and increasing CP contents for growing period. Feed intake showed no difference among the ME and CP treatment groups. FCR improved significantly in CP 19, 20% compared with CP 18% (P<0.05). Weight gain was not significantly different between ME and CP treatments for finishing period. Feed intake was lower in ME 3,150, 3,200kcal/kg than the ME 3,100 kcal/kg treatment (P<0.05). FCR was higher in ME 3,100kcal/kg than ME 3,150, 3,200kcal/kg treatment (P<0.05). Interaction on productivity was not exited between ME and CP treatment groups for different feeding periods. There was no difference in the total protein, albumin, glucose and triglyceride amount in blood depending on dietary ME and CP contents. Total cholesterol was greatly decreased in ME 3,100kcal/kg than the ME 3,200kcal/kg (P<0.05), but not different between CP treatments. Cooking loss of breast meat was lower in ME 3,150kcal/kg than the ME 3,200kcal/kg (P<0.05). Moisture, shear force and pH were not statistically different among treatments. Protein solubility was increased by increasing ME and CP in diets. The collagen was tended to increase as dietary ME increased. Redness was remarkably higher in ME 3,150kcal/kg than the ME 3,100kcal/kg (P<0.05). Yellowness of meat fed ME 3,150kcal/kg showed significantly lower than other treatments (P<0.05). Therefore, the optium ME and CP to improve the productivity for each period were 3,000kcal/kg, 23%; 3,100kcal/kg, 19%; 3,150kcal/kg, CP 16%, repectively.