• Title/Summary/Keyword: 수질환경

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Influences of Seasonal Rainfall on Physical, Chemical and Biological Conditions Near the Intake Tower of Taechung Reservoir (대청호의 취수탑 주변의 이화학적${\cdot}$생물학적 상태에 대한 계절강우의 영향)

  • Seo, Jin-Won;Park, Seok-Soon;An, Kwang-Guk
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.34 no.4 s.96
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    • pp.327-336
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    • 2001
  • Physical, chemical, and biological parameters were measured during the period from July 1993 to August 1994 near the Munui intake tower of Taechung Reservoir to evaluate effects of nutrients and suspended solids on algal chlorophyll-a and water clarity. Large amounts of precipitation during summer 1993 produced minimum conductivity ($88\;{\mu}S/cm$), minimum TN : TP (<40), and maximum total phosphorus (TP;$59\;{\mu}g/L$) and resulted in a chlorophyll-a peak ($79\;{\mu}g/L$) and minimum transparency (<1.5 m) among the seasons. At the same time, ratios of volatile suspended solids (VSS): non-volatile suspended solids (NVSS) were maximum (13.0),indicating that the reduced transparency was mainly attributed to biogenic turbidity in relation to phytoplankton growth. In contrast, severe drought in summer 1994 resulted in greater conductivity (>$120\;{\mu}S/cm$), water clarity (%gt;2 m), and lower TP and chlorophyll- a (<$10\;{\mu}g/L$) relative to those of summer 1993. Total phosphorus ($R^2=0.46$, n=59) accounted more variations of chlorophyll- a compared to total nitrogen ($R^2=0,29$, n=59). The mass ratios of TN : TP ranged from 39 to 222 and were strongly correlated with TP (r = -0.80) but not with concentrations of TN (r = 0.05). Ambient nutrient concentrations and TN : TP mass ratios indicated that seasonality of chlorophyll- a was likely determined by concentrations of phosphorus reflected by the distribution of rainfall. It was concluded that reductions of phosphorus during heavy rainfall may provide better water quality for the drinking water in the intake tower.

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Filter-Feeding Effect of a Freshwater Bivalve (Corbicula leana PRIME) on Phytoplankton (식물플랑크톤에 대한 담수산 패류 (참재첩)의 섭식효과)

  • Kim, Ho-Sub;Shin, Jae-Ki;Hwang, Soon-Jin
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.34 no.4 s.96
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    • pp.298-309
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    • 2001
  • The purpose of this study was to evaluate the filtering-feeding effect of a freshwater mussel (Corbicula leana) on the phytoplankton communities in two lakes with different trophic conditions between June and September, 2000. Manipulation experiments were conducted with two treatments (the control and mussel addition), and each established in duplicate 10 l chambers. Both ambient nutrient (TN, TP) and chlorophyll-a concentrations were significantly (p<0.01) higher in Lake Ilgam than Lake Soyang. Cyanophytes (Microcystis, Oscillatoria, Lyngbya and Dactylococcopis) consistently dominated algal community in Lake llgam, while flagellated algae (Dinobryon divergence, Mallomonas, Rhodomonas) and cyanophytes (Microcystis)dominated in Lake Soyang. The net exponential death rate ($R\;=\;day^{-1}$) of total phytoplankton in the mussel treatment ranged $1.70{\sim}7.39$ and $0.38{\sim}1.64$ in Lakes Soyang and Ilgam, respectively. Mean filtering rate standardized by mussel AFDW ($ml\;mgAFDW^{1}\;h^{-1}$) was much higher in Lake Soyang ($1.70{\sim}3.06$) than in Lake Ilgam($0.24{\sim}0.88$0.24~o.88). Estimating FR per mussel, 1 mussel filtered $1.6{\sim}7.8\;l$ per day and $1.7{\sim}3.0\;l$ per day in Lakes Soyang and Ilgam, respectively. Based on tile C-flux tobiomass ratio, Corbicula leana consumed $0.8{\sim}4.4$ fold of phytoplankton standing stock in Lake Soyang, and $0.4{\sim}1.6$ fold in Lake Ilgam per day. Mussel feeding resulted in increase of SRP concentration by $30{\sim}50%$, compared with the control. The results of this study suggest that filter-feeding activity of Corbicula leana varies depending on the phytoplankton density and community composition. The high seston consumption rate of Corsicuja Jeaua even in a eutrophic lake suggests that biomanipulation approach using filter-feeding mussels can be used far wate rquality management in small eutrophic reservoirs.

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Functional Modifications of Daechung Reservoir Eutrophication by Upper Dam Construction (상류댐 건설에 따른 대청호 부영양화에 대한 기능 변화)

  • Lee, Soon-Cheol;Han, Jung-Ho;An, Kwang-Guk
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.41 no.3
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    • pp.348-359
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    • 2008
  • The objectives of the study were to elucidate functional modifications in relation to hydrological, physico-chemical and ecological aspects in Daechung Reservoir by the upper dam constructions of Youngdam Reservoir and analyze temporal and spatial dynamic patterns using trophic parameters of TN, TP, chlorophyll (CHL), and Secchi depth (SD). Hydrological data such as inflow, precipitation, and water levels before (BDC, 1995$\sim$2000) and after (ADC, 2001$\sim$2006) the dam construction showed that precipitation had greater correlations with inflow volume in the BDC (r=0.964, p=0.002) than in the ADC (r=0.857, p=0.029). This outcome indicates that the upper dam construction influenced the inflow and water level of Daechung Reservoir. One of the greatest changes after the dam construction was decreases of nutrient contents (TN, TP) and increases of algal biomass (as CHL) as the water residence time increases. Values of CHL had greater relations with TP in the ADC (r=0.412, p<0.001) than the BDC (r=0.249, p<0.001), indicating that CHL had greater response at a given phosphorus in the ADC. Thus, algal yield at a given TP (CHL : TP ratios) increased in the ADC, resulting in a greater CHL-TP relations. Long-term interannual TP, TN, SD, and CHL showed greater variations in the riverine zone (RZ) than any other transition (TZ) and lacustrine zones (LZ). This phenomenon was mainly attributed to rapid hydrological response in the riverine zone (RZ) to flow reductions (short water residence time) from the upper dam, resulting in ambient contents of nutrients and light regime along with functional relations of CHL-TP.

Spat Collection of the Ark shell, Scapharca in the West Coast of Korea (큰이랑피조개, Scapharca satowi의 자연채묘)

  • 송홍인;박광재;조영록;박영제
    • Journal of Aquaculture
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.95-101
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    • 2002
  • During the periods from lily to October, 2000 in Hongseong and lucy to October, 2001 in Taean in the west coast of Korea, the following environmental conditions prevailed : water temperature : 22.0~26.817, salinity 27.23 ~30.80%, dissolved oxygen 4.12 ~6.26 ml/l, pH 7.89 ~8.09, phosphate 0.39 ~0.65 $\mu m$ , inorganic nitrogen 5.05~9.26 $\mu m$, suspended solid 5.4~20.8 mg/l and chemical oxygen demand 1.12~1.87 mg/l. The B-shaped veliger larvae of the Ark shell occurred in maximum number at $25^{\circ}C$ prevailing from mid-August at Hongseong and Taean. Full grown larvae reached maximum abundance from late August. To identify the effectiveness of the substratum for spat collection, raschel net were tested to Larval settlement. The most effective depth to collect the larvae in natural environment was the collectors suspended at 7~8 m depth. At these depths, about 49 to 94 spats were found on the collector (40$\times$50 cm), The growth of shell height (Y) to shell length (X), and total weight (W) to shell length (L) could be formulated as follows respectively: Hongseong: SH = 0.7168 SL -0.6466 ( $r^2$ = 0.9839), TW = $0.0001SL^{3.1705}$ ($r^2$ = 0.9882) Taean: SH = 0.736 SL -0.8824 ($r^2$ : 0.9899), TW : 0.00005 $SL^{3.3731}$ ($r^2$ : 0.9899)

Hydrogeochemical Research on the Characteristic of Chemical Weathering in a Granitic Gatchment (水文化學的 資料를 통한 花崗岩質 流域의 化學的 風化特性에 關한 硏究)

  • Park, Soo-Jin
    • Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.1-15
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    • 1993
  • This research aims to investigate some respects of chemical weathering processes, espcially the amount of solute leaching, formation of clay minerals, and the chemical weathering rate of granite rocks under present climatic conditions. For this purpose, I investigated geochemical mass balance in a small catchment and the mineralogical composition of weathered bedrocks including clay mineral assemblages at four res-pective sites along one slope. The geochemical mass blance for major elements of rock forming minerals was calculated from precipitation and streamwater data which are measured every week for one year. The study area is a climatically and litholo-gically homogeneous small catchment($3.62Km^2$)in Anyang-shi, Kyounggi-do, Korea. The be-drock of this area id Anyang Granite which is composed of coarse-giained, pink-colored miner-als. Main rock forming minerals are quartz, K-Feldspar, albite, and muscovite. One of the chracteristics of this granite rock is that its amount of Ca and Mg is much lower than other granite rock. The leaching pattern in the weathering profiles is in close reltion to the geochemical mass balance. Therefore the removal or accumulation of dissolved materials shows weathering patterns of granite in the Korean peninsula. Oversupplied ions into the drainage basin were $H^+$, $K^+$, Fe, and Mn, whereas $Na^2+$, $Mg^2+$, $Ca^2+$, Si, Al and $HCO-3^{-}$ were removed from the basin by the stream. The consumption of hydrogen ion in the catchment implies the hydrolysis of minerals. The surplus of $K^+$ reflects that vegetation is in the aggravation stage, and the nutrient cycle of the forest in study area did not reach a stable state. And it can be also presumed that the accumulation of $K^+$ in the top soil is related to the surplus of $K^+$. Oversupplied Fe and Mn were presumed to accumulate in soil by forming metallic oxide and hydroxide. In the opposite, the removal of $Na^+$, Si, Al resulted from the chemical weathering of albite and biotite, and the amount of removal of $Na^+$, Si, Al reflected the weathering rate of the bedrock. But $Ca^2+$ and $Mg^2+$ in stream water were contaminated by the scattered calcareous structures over the surface. Kaolinite is a stable clay mineral under the present environment by the thermodynamical analysis of the hydrogeochemical data and Tardy's Re value. But this result was quite different from the real assemblage of clay miner-als in soil and weathered bedrock. This differ-ence can be explained by the microenvironment in the weathering profile and the seasonal variation of climatic factors. There are different clay forming environments in the stydy area and these differences originate from the seasonal variation of climate, especially the flushing rate in the weathering profile. As it can be known from the results of the analysis of thermodynamic stability and characteristics of geochemical mas balance, the climate during winter and fall, when it is characterized by the low flushing rate and high solute influx, shows the environmental characteristics to from 2:1 clay minerals, such as illite, smectite, vermiculite and mixed layer clay minerals which are formed by neoformation or transformation from the primary or secondary minerals. During the summer and spring periods, kaoli-nite is a stable forming mineral. However it should consider that the other clay minerals can transformed into kaolinite or other clay minerals, because these periods have a high flushing rte and temperature. Materials which are directly regulated by chemical weathering in the weathered bedrock are $Na^+$, Si, and Al. The leaching of Al is, however, highly restricted and used to form a clay mineral, and that of Si falls under the same category. $Na^+$ is not taked up by growing veget ation, and fixed in the weathering profile by forming secondary minerals. Therefore the budget of $Na^+$ is a good indicator for the chemical weathering rate in the study area. The amount of chemical weathering of granite rocks was about 31.31g/$m^2+$/year based on $Na^+$ estimation.

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Cystic Diseases of the Kidney in Children (소아의 낭포성 신질환)

  • Lee Ji-Suk;Rho Kwang-Sik;Kim Ji-Hong;Lee Jae-Seung;Kim Pyung-Kil
    • Childhood Kidney Diseases
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    • v.1 no.2
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    • pp.144-150
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    • 1997
  • Purpose : The kidney is one of the most common sites of cyst formation. Cystic diseases of the kidney are a diverse group of clinicopathologic entities and variable prognosis. They span a wide range of both age of presentation and severity of the renal disease. And many of them are systemic disorders, sharing similar process of cyst formation in other organs. Recently, development of imaging studies has been contributing widely to the diagnosis of the diseases. Treatment, however, is not established satisfactorily. We performed this study to evaluate the occurrence and treatment of cystic diseases of the kidney. Methods : We reviewed retrospectively the medical records of 44 patients with cystic diseases of the kidney in the Department of Pediatrics, during last 11 years. Results : In the 44 patients with cystic diseases of the kidney, 31 patients(71%) had multicystic dysplastic kidney and 11(35%) of them received nephrectomy due to differentiation from neoplasms or severe abdominal distension. Seven patients(16%) had polycystic kidney disease, and all of them were infantile type. Five patients(11%) were diagnosed as having a simple renal cysts. Progression to renal failure was noted in none of the cases. In 14(32%) out of total 44 patients, the diagnosis was made in neonatal or infantile pelted. Conclusion : The incidence of cystic diseases of the kidney appeared very low, but further investigation on their pathogenesis, classification, and indication of treatment is needed.

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Microbial Risk Assessment in Treated Wastewater Irrigation on Paddy Rice Plot (하수처리수를 관개한 후 벼재배 시험구에 대한 미생물 위해성 평가)

  • Jung, Kwang-Wook;An, Youn-Joo;Jang, Jae-Ho;Jeon, Ji-Hong;Yoon, Chun-Gyeong
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.38 no.2 s.112
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    • pp.225-236
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    • 2005
  • The protection of public health In wastewater reclamation and reuse is one of the most important issues. Monitoring data of Escherichia coli were collected from paddy rice plots in 2003 and 2004 experiments. Five treatments were used and each one was triplicated to evaluate the changes of E. coli: surface water, biofilter effluent (secondary level), UV-disinfected water and pond treatment. Microbial risk was quantified to assess human health risk by exposure to E. coli in paddy rice plots, which were irrigated with reclaimed wastewater. Beta-Poisson model was used to estimate the microbial risk of pathogen ingestion that may occur to farmer and neighbor children. Monte-Carlo analysis (10,000 trials) was used to estimate the risk characterization of uncertainty. In the following analysis, two scenarios were related to the reduction of risk against direct ingestion and exposure times. Scenarios A and B were assumed that the risk was 1,000 and 10,000 times lower than direct ingestion.'Golfers were assumed to be 0.001 L of reclaimed water by contact with balls and their cloths. Opportunity of contact in paddy rice field with pathogens was more frequent than handing golf balls, because of agricultural activity was practiced in ponded water in paddy rice culture. As a result of microbial risk assessment using total data of experimental period, risk value of E. coli in 2003 and 2004 experiment ranged from $10^{-5}$ to $10^{-8}$ and $10^{-4}$ to $10^{-8}$, respectively. The risk values in biofilter effluent irrigation was the highest, which is $10^{-4}$ in 2003 and $10^{-5}$ in 2004 experiments with scenario A. Ranges of $10^{-6}$ to $10^{-8}$ were considered at reasonable levels of risk for communicable disease transmission from environmental exposure and the risk value above $10^{-4}$ was considered to be attributable to the risk of infection. Irrigation with UV-disinfected water in the paddy field during the agricultural Period showed significantly lower microbial risk than others, and their levels of risk value were within the range of actual paddy rice field with surface water.

Long-term Variation of Water Quality in Lake Andong (안동호 수질의 장기적인 변화)

  • Kwon, Sang-Yong;Kim, Bom-Chul;Park, Ju-Hyun;Heo, Woo-Myung
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.33 no.3 s.91
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    • pp.260-266
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    • 2000
  • Water quality parameters were surveyed in Lake Andong. Turbidity, temperature, secchi disc transparency (SD), phosphorus, nitrogen and chlorophyll a concentration were measured at dam site from July 1993 to December 1998. Minimum transparency in summer was only about 2 meters in 1993 and 1994, but it decreased to about 1 meter in 1997 and 1988. Total phosphorus concentration of the epilimnion increased slightly from $11{\sim}30\;mgP/m^3$ in 1993 to $18{\sim}42\;mgP/m^3$ in 1998. Total nitrogen concentration of the epilimnion decreased slightly from $1.81{\sim}2.96\;mgN/L$ in 1993 to $1.48{\sim}2.57\;mgN/L^3$ in 1998. TN/TP weight ratio decreased from $82{\sim}281$ in 1993 to $21{\sim}143$ in 1998 due to the increase of phosphorus concentration and the decrease of nitrogen concentration. Dissolved inorganic phosphorus concentration and the decrease of nitrogen concentration. Dissolved inorganic phosphorus and nitrate nitrogen concen tration of the epilimnion were in the range of $0.9{\sim}5.3\;mgP/m^3$ and $1.36{\sim}1.68\;mgN/L$, respectively. Chlorophyll a concentration in summer was in the range of $11.0{\sim}19.1\;mg/m^3$ in 1994, 1996 and 1997, but it decreased to $2.3{\sim}6.5\;mg/m^3$ in 1998. Trophic state of Lake Andong can be classified as mesotrophic to eutrophic from TP, TN and chlorophyll a concentration.

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The Egg Development of Korean Slender Gudgeon, Squalidus gracilis majimae (Cypriniforms: Cyprinidae) (한국산 긴몰개 (Squalidus gracilis majime, Cyprinidae)의 난발생)

  • Park, Kyung-Seo;Hong, Young-Pyo;Moon, Woon-Ki;Choi, Shin-Suk;An, Kwang-Guk
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.38 no.1 s.110
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    • pp.73-82
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    • 2005
  • This study was conducted, based on the field survey and laboratory observations, to elucidate egg developmental processes and their characteristics of the Korean slender gudgeon, Squalidus gracilis majimae. For the experiments, the mature adults were collected at the Woongcheon-Cheon Stream and Boreung Reservoir located in Boreung City, Chungnam Province and eggs were obtained from the natural spawning area. Morphological characteristics of the egg and embryonic development were summarized as follows: The shape of the fertilized egg was spherical, adhesive and transparent. The fertilized egg was 2.9${\pm}$0.3 mm (n = 30) in mean diameter under water temperature of $26{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$, light white in color and had no oil droplets. After 20 minutes from the time of fertilization, a blastodisc was formed and divided into two cells at 48 minutes after fertilization. The blastular stage occurred at 5 hours 40 minutes after fertilization and the gastrular stage was detected at 8 hours 41 minutes after fertilization. The beginning of embryo formation was observed at 12 hours 58 minutes after fertilization and optic vesicles and 9 somites were discovered at 17 hours 05 minutes after fertilization. Differentiation of brains and embryo wiggling were observed at 37 hours 27 minutes after fertilization. Heart beating and the formation of melanophores in optic vesicles were detected at 44 hours 46 minutes after fertilization. The formation of pectoral fins and melanophores in the body were discovered at 50 hours 36 minutes after fertilization. Hatching occurred at 57 hours 49 minutes after fertilization. The newly hatched larvae were 3.3${\pm}$0.2 mm (n = 120) in total length. We believe that these results may contribute the species and population conservations under the situation of accelerated water pollution and the decreases of its diversity.

Spawning Behavior and Early Life History of Korea Freshwater Goby (Rhinogobius brunneus) (밀어 (Rhinogobius brunneus)의 산란행동 및 초기생활사)

  • Moon, Woon-Ki;Na, Young-Eun;An, Kwang-Guk
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.38 no.1 s.110
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    • pp.83-94
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    • 2005
  • The objective of the study was to elucidate early life history of Rhinogobius brunneus, based on laboratory observations and field works, along with its courtship and spawning behaviors. The male and female fish matured were sampled for the lab experiments from Gap-Stream, which is one of the tributaries of Geum-River, Korea. The spawning behaviors and courtship of matured adults had a typical pattern; matured males of Rhinogobius brunneus built up spawning nests and had their own territory before the spawning, and the behavior then triggered the egg spawning of female with active courtship. The females attached elliptic egg mass as a single layer, on the stones below the spawning nest. After the spawning, the egg mass was guarded by males only until the hatching. The size of egg fertilized, measured by microscope was about 1.5${\pm}$0.1mm in length and 0.7${\pm}$0.1 mm in the egg's width. According to the lab experiments conducted under four temperature regime, the lapsed time for the hatching was shortened as temperatures increased in the treatments. On the contrary to the hatching time, the average length of newly hatched larvae showed a reverse relation with water temperature. The larvae, considered a final stage of the early life history was about 3.6 mm in total length for water temperature of $18^{\circ}C$, whereas they were between 3.1 mm and 3.2 mm for over $25^{\circ}C$. This indicates that higher water temperature may decrease the growth rate in the early life history. These results may provide valuable information for the population conservation and ecosystem protection under accelerated water pollution and habitat degradations in Korea.