• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.167-174
• /
• 2009

Purpose : Pertussis was very common in the past, but reported cases have dramatically decreased. The improvement of vaccination programs and unreadiness of laboratory confirmation seems to have developed this situation. This study investigated the frequency of pertussis among infants with a paroxysmal cough and compared the clinical characteristics between infants with and without pertussis. Methods : Between June and November 2006, 27 infants admitted to the hospital that were 15-90 days old with a history of a cough for more than seven days were enrolled. The cough was described as: paroxysmal, whooping, and post-tussive vomiting. PCR and cultures for Bordetella pertussis with nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained. The patients were divided into two groups: (1) the pertussis group that had positive results by PCR or culture; (2) the control group that had negative results by PCR and culture. Clinical and laboratory characteristics were compared between the two groups. Results : Among the 27 cases, five (18.5%) were finally diagnosed with pertussis. Only one out of the five pertussis cases was initially diagnosed with a pertussis-like syndrome on admission. Compared to the group without pertussis, the pertussis group had a significantly higher frequency of: no fever (P =0.043), a paroxysmal cough (P =0.040), cyanosis (P =0.001), non-immunized status for DTaP (P =0.047), normal auscultation (P =0.028), normal chest X-ray findings (P =0.027), high absolute lymphocyte count (P =0.039), and low CRP (P =0.046). The patients with the diagnosis of pertussis had a significantly longer duration of coughing (27.2${\pm}$10.6 vs. 12.6${\pm}$5.6 days, P =0.039). Conclusion : Pertussis should be suspected in any infant with typical symptoms of pertussis in addition to: a persistent cough without fever, accompanied by paroxysms or cyanosis prior to the age of DTaP immunization. Active laboratory confirmation should be carried out to confirm more cases with pertussis.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.107-117
• /
• 2004

If doubtlessly contributes much to agriculture and rural development. The roles can be summarized as; 1. to activate rural areas and to provide more comfortable and safe rural life with equivalent services to those in urban areas, facilitating distance education, tole-medicine, remote public services, remote entertainment etc. 2. To initiate new agricultural and rural business such as e-commerce, real estate business for satellite officies, rural tourism and virtual corporation of small-scale farms. 3. To support policy-making and evaluation on optimal farm production, disaster management, effective agro-environmental resource management etc., providing tools such as GIS. 4. To improve farm management and farming technologies by efficient farm management, risk management, effective information or knowledge transfer etc., realizing competitive and sustainable farming with safe products. 5. To provide systems and tools to secure food traceability and reliability that has been an emerging issue concerning farm products since serious contamination such as BSE and chicken flu was detected. 6. To take an important and key role for industrialization of farming or lam business enterprise, combining the above roles.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 1986

To investigate the effects of paper sludge on the seasonal variations of soil humus, paper sludges were applied to the pots at the rates of 600㎏/10a which was either preadjusted C/N ratio to 30 : 1 or not adjusted. The effects were compared with those of control. 1) The contents of ether soluble materials, resins, water soluble polysaccharides, hemicellulose, cellulose, ligno-protein, humic acid and fulvic acid were higher in the sludge treated soil than in the control, furthermore, the content of ligno-protein had positive correlation with that of organic nitrogen in soil. 2) Optical density of UV and visible spectra of humic acid obtained from all the treated soil was decreased with increasing wavelength. In functional groups of humic acid, phenolic-OH/alcoholic-OH ratio was slightly higher in the sludge treated soil than in the control. The types of humic acid in all treated soil were P and Rp types. 3) The infrared spectra of humic acid extracted from the soil were characterized by main absorption bands in the regions of $3, 400cm^{-1}$(H-bonded OH), $2,900cm^{-1}$ (aliphatic C-H stretching), $1,630cm^{-1}$ (aromatic C=C and/or H-bonded C=O) and $1,050cm^{-1}$ (Si-O of silicate impurity).

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.230-240
• /
• 2017

BACKGROUND: To evaluate residues of environmentally concerned pesticides in water system, this monitoring was conducted over three rivers. The residual characteristics and discharging condition of these residues on water system was investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS: Total twenty nine sampling sites were selected through main streams and branch streams of Keum, Mangyung and Dongjin rivers, and the water samples from them were regularly collected one month interval, especially biweekly from May to August in 2002. Of the pesticides monitored, six fungicides which include hexaconazole, isoprothiolane and iprobenfos were detected with frequencies of 0.3-50.9% and in their residue level of $0.1-4.7{\mu}g/L$. Sixteen insecticides which include nine organophosphoruses, three carbamates, endosulfan, cypermethrin, buprofezin and fipronil were detected with frequencies of 0.3-32.5% and in their residue level of $0.01-2.8{\mu}g/L$. Nine herbicides which include alachlor molinate, anilofos, butachlor, dimepiperate, metolachlor, oxadiazon, pretilachlor and thiobencarb were detected with frequencies of 0.8-22.9% and in their residue level of $0.01-9.07{\mu}g/L$. CONCLUSION: Detection frequencies and residue levels of insecticides and herbicides were the highest in waters sampled in May and June. Almost pesticides detected were for the paddy rice and their residue levels were very low to compare with standard values.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.231-236
• /
• 2004

In order to identify the growth characteristics, the yield and chemical composition of Jeju native sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L.) based on seeding date in Jeju region. Seeding carried out the 10-day intervals from March 27 to May 27 in 2000, respectively. Plant height was 222.9 cm, Showing the highest on seeding date, April 7 among that of any other seeding date. On the other hand, those of early and late seeding gradually decreased. The results of stem diameter, number of leaves were similar to those of the plant height. The yield of fresh, dry matter forage, crude protein and TDN found the highest on April 7 seeding, 48.0 MT/ha, 12.0 MT/ha, 1.0 MT/ha, 5.3 MT/ha, respectively. In early and late seeding, the yield was gradually decreased. According to delaying the seeding date, March 27 to May 27, the contents of crude protein (from 7.8 to $11.4\%$) ether extract(from 1.7 to $3.3\%$), nitrogen free extract(from 34.1 to $40.0\%$) and TDN(from 42.9 to $52.5\%$) were gradually increased, respectively. On the other hand, those of crude fiber (from 40.6 to $32.3\%$) and crude ash (from 10.3 to $7.6\%$) were decreased. These results showed that April 7 was the optimum seeding date with the sole object of feed production of Jeju native sorghum.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.236-244
• /
• 1999

A feasibility study was performed to examine the agronomic application of treated sewage on paddy rice culture by field experiment. The domestic sewage was treated by the constructed wetland system which was in subsurface flow type and consisted of sand and macrophyte. The effluent of the wetland system was adjusted to maintain the total nitrogen concentration below $25mgL^{-1}$ and used for irrigation water. Four treatments include (1) irrigation of treated sewage after concentration adjusted with conventional fertilization (TWCF), (2) irrigation of treated sewage after concentration adjusted with half of the conventional fertilization (TWHF), (3) irrigation of treated sewage after concentration adjusted without fertilization (TWNF), and (4) irrigation of treated sewage as it was without fertilization (SWNF). These cases were compared to the control case of tap water irrigation with conventional fertilization (Control). Generally, addition of the treated sewage to the irrigation water showed no adverse affect on paddy rice culture, and even improvement was noticed in both growth and yields. TWCF showed the best result and the yields exceed the Control in about 10%. Overall performance of the treatments was TWCF, Control, TWHF, TWNF, and SWNF in decreasing order. From this study, it appears that reuse of treated sewage as a supplemental irrigation water could be feasible and practical alternative for ultimate sewage disposal which often causes water quality problem to the receiving water body. For full scale application, further study is recommended on the specific guidelines of major water quality components and public health.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.288-297
• /
• 2010

This study was to evaluate the ecological stream health through the Multimetric Fish Assessment Index (MFAI) along with fish fauna analysis based on the tolerance and trophic guilds at Miho stream in 2008 and 2009. Also, we analysed total mercury concentration in fish tissues to examine heavy metal contamination. Total sampled fish were 40 species and 2,557 individuals and Zacco platypus was the most dominant with 35% relative abundance. It was sampled with 11.4% RA for Korean endemic species (10 species 291 individuals) less than average RA 39.3% for the Geum river watersheds. According to the tolarance guild analysis, tolerant species was more dominant with 58.9% RA (15 species, 1,507 individuals) than sensitive species with 6.6% RA. Trophic guild analysis also suggested that omnivores were more dominant (60.5% RA) than insectivores (31.5% RA). Riffle-benthic species was also sampled with 7.7% RA. Ecological stream health based on the MFAI were averaged 25.3 (n=3) with fair-poor condition in 2008 and also 26.3 (n=3) with fair condition in 2009, just slightly increased than 2008. Qualitative habitat evaluation index was averaged 134 (n=3) with fair condition but most of sites had sediment accumulation that reflected substrate degradations proceeding. From the result of total mercury accumulation in fish tissues, kidney and liver tissues showed the highest but the lowest for gill tissues. Overall mercury concentration were not exceed the national standards by Korean Federation of Drug and Administration (KFDA). Consequently, our result could correspond with the characteristics of Miho stream where point sources such industrial complexes and wastewater treatment plant widely distributed around the stream along the gradient of up and downstream.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.202-211
• /
• 2004

Xylitol is a 5-carbons carbohydrate, which can be replaced with sucrose for preventing dental caries. To study the effect of xylitol on the fermentation of lactose in bacteria, the important oral bacteria such as Streptococcus(S.) mutans, S. oralis and S. salivarius were studied. The optical density using spectophotometer and the cell concentration were assessed to evaluate the combined effect of lactose and xylitol against the bacteria. Thin layer chromatography and lactose-PTS activity test were performed to evaluate the effect of xylitol on the fermentation of lactose in S. mutans and by ${\beta}-galactosidase$ with the following results. 1. The optical density of Streptococcus mutans culture was not increased for 8 hours-incubation in the media added with lactose and xylitol, but was increased at 24 hours-incubation. The number of viable cells at 8 hours-incubation was smaller in the media containing lactose and xylitol in comparison with lactose only. 2. The optical densities of Streptococcus oralis culture and Streptococcus salivarius culture were not increased for 8 hours-incubation in the media added with lactose and xylitol but were increased at 24 hours-incubation. 3. When Streptococcus mutars was incubated for 8 hours in the media added with lactose and xylitol, the amount of remained lactose was larger compared with the media added with lactose only But all lactose was fermented in both media after 24 hours-incubation. 4. When Streptococcus mutans was incubated in the media added with lactose and xylitol, the activity of lactose-PTS was higher compared with the media added with lactose only. 5. When ${\beta}-galactosidase$ was incubated in the media added with lactose and xylitol, the amount of remained lactose was larger compared with the media added with lactose only. These results indicated that xylitol inhibited the fermentation of lactose by Streptococcus.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.13-28
• /
• 2000

Chojeong area is mainly composed of the Ogcheon Group which consists of regionally metamorphosed, age-unknown sedimentary rocks. In the northwestern parts, the Group is intruded by the Jurassic Daebo granite and Cretaceous felsic and mafic dykes. The lowermost, Midongsan Formation which consists of milky white impure quartzite, crops out along the anticline axes with N40E trend. Ungyori quartzite Formation is intercalated with quartzite and slate. Miwon Formation is most widely exposed in the area and consists mainly of phyllitic sandy rocks with a thin crystalline limestone bed. Hwajeonri Formation is divided into two parts, pelitic lower and calcareous upper parts, composed with phyllite and slate. Changri and Hwanggangri Formations are typical members of Ogcheon Group, the former bearing coally graphite seams consists mainly of black slate and phyllite with intercalated greenish grey phyllite, the latter is pebble bearing phyllite formation of which matrix and pebbles are variable in compositions and size. Biotite granite, porphyritic granite and two mica granite belong to Jurassic so-called Dabo granite. They intruded the Ogcheon Group forming vast contact metarnophic zone. Quartz porphyry, mafic dyke and felsite intruded along the marginal zone of porphyritic granite batholith and fracture of NS trend. Main structural lineaments in Ogcheon Group shows N25-45E, NS and N30-45W trends. The N25-45E trends are mainly from general ductile deformation during regional metamorphism, showing isoclinal folding, Fl foliations and lithological erosional characters. Some of these trends are due to normal faults. The NS and N30-45W trends represent brittle deformation including faults and joints. In the area of granitic batholith, NS to N30- 45 trends are from the direction of dykes. In the soils of the area, average contents of heavy metal elements such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn are 0.2, 50.6, 35.5, 27.9, and 93.4 ppm respectively, which are not higher than the average values of natural soils, under the tolerable level. Enrichment Index does not show any heavy metal pollution in the area. Average depths of weathering(5m vs. 2m), porosities(43.94 vs. 51.80), densities(l.29 vs. 1.15), and permeabilities(2.52 vs. 8.07) are comparable in granite areas and in the phyllite areas of Ogcheon Group.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.55 no.2
• /
• pp.144-150
• /
• 2010

The agricultural techniques of environmental friendly using the green manure crops have been required recently more to have the safety agricultural products and to reduce the use of fertilizers and agricultural chemicals. The utilization of green manure crops related closely to cropping system would be very important. The purposes of this study are both to investigate the effects of green manure crops of hairy vetch, legume, and rye, gramineae, and to compare the effects between them in rice cultivation. The hairy vetch and rye were treated as green manure crops into paddy soil at 10 days before the rice transplanting. The plant height was increased gradually from the maximum tillering to the heading growth stage, showing that it was the highest with treatment of conventional cultivation in 2007 and the highest with hairy vetch in 2008. The number of tillers was higher with treatment of hairy vetch and hairy vetch+rye than those with the conventional cultivation. Dry weight was also higher with hairy vetch than that with the conventional, while it was lower clearly in rye than those in hairy vetch and conventional. According to the high tilller number and spikelet number per panicle out of the yield components relatively, the yield of rough rice was increased to about 6% and 8% in 2007 and 2008, respectively, comparing with the yield in the conventional cultivation. Based on these results, the hairy vetch would be a good green manure crop in rice cultivation.