• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.47-59
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• 2012

The effects of organic calcium compounds (ACa) tree-spray for late growing stage on the mineral nutrition concentration of fruit, russet and quality in 'Fuji' apple were investigated. Optimum spray concentration of leaves by ACa tree-spray during late growth stage were ranged 125 times among 1,000 times. Also, Optimum concentration of fruits was effected to 125 times. Optimum spray times of leaves effected by ACa 500 times tree-spray during late growth stage were effective in one times (Sept. 25) and three times (Sept. 25, Oct. 5, 15). Also, Optimum times concentration of fruit skin was effected to one times (Sept. 25) and fruit flesh was effected two times (Sept. 25, Oct. 5) and three times (Sept. 25, Oct. 5, 15). Phytotoxicity by tree-spray of ACa concentration and times different not occur to leaf and fruit.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 1993

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of various calcium salts on the accumulation of calcium in apple fruits when sprayed on whole tree. Differences in the total calcium contents of fruits were found between calcium sources and cultivars. In 'Tsugaru' , calcium nitrate, calcium chloride, and calcium carbonate were all effective but only calcium chloride and calcium carbonate appeared to be effective in 'Fuji' . Major parts of the applied calcium were accumulated in the feel and outer flesh. Ethylene evolution of fruit was retarded during storage with the increase of total calcium content in 'Fuji' fruit treated calcium acetate.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of tree-spray of calcium formate compound extracted from oyster shell with several active agents on the calcium concentration, fruit skin shape and quality of 'Fuji' apple. The tree-spray of calcium formate compound extracted from oyster shell (Os-CaF, $52.4\;mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) appeared to have more effectiveness on the calcium translocation into leaves, fruit skin and flesh than control. Addition of adjuvants to Os-CaF increased calcium concentration of 'Fuji' apple when sprayed three times before harvest. Among the active agents examined, the treatment ascorbic acid and poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA) in leaves, Ag-colloidal and PVA in fruit skin, ascorbic acid, Ag-colloidal, and PVA in fruit flesh exhibited highest effectiveness. Fruit qualities (fruit weight, firmness, soluble solids, acidity and Hunter value) were not affect by Os-CaF on different concentrations and solutions of active agents.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.4 s.161
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• pp.277-280
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• 2005

In order to prevent chestnuts from damage by the peach pyralid moth, Dichocrosis punctiferalis, a sprinkler system was installed on the chestnut orchard. Such a test was conducted at Yeoju-gun, Gyeonggi-do, Korea in 2002. Insecticides of fenitrothion 50% EC, x1,000 and diflubenzuron 25% Wp, x2,500 were sprayed at ten-day fifteen-day and twenty-day intervals during the period of D. punctiferalis adult occurrence by sprinkler system. The peach pyralid moths generally emerged for about 60 days from early July to early September, and peak emergence was 10 days from late July to early August. Damage rate of chestnuts were 0.9-4.0% on average with this crown insecticide spraying with diflubenzuron, while 30.4% when not treated. Control effectiveness of this insecticide spraying was 92%(86.7-97.0%). In conclusion, effectual times and number of insecticide application with sprinkle system against peach pyralid moth were from early July to late August and four or five times at ten or fifteen day intervals, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.598-601
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• 2006

In order to prevent chestnut from damaged by the chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus, a sprinkler system was installed on the chestnut orchard. Such a test was conducted at Sanchung-gun, Kyeongnam province, Korea in 2003 and 2004. Insecticide of carbaryl 50% WP, x1,500 was sprayed at every day and two-day intervals during the period of D. kuriphilus adult occurrence by sprinkler system. The chestnut gall wasps generally emerged for about 35 days from the middle June to the middle July, and peak emergence was 5 days of early July. Crown application of carbaryl by sprinkler system was found to be highly effective for control of the chestnut gall wasp. Gall formation rate of chestnut were 3.0 and 12.8% on average with crown insecticide spraying at every day and two-day intervals, while 82.9% when not treated. Control effectiveness of this insecticide spraying was 96.4% and 84.6%, respectively.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.185-193
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• 2004

Gibberellin (GA) treatment on fruit stalk was effective in fruit growth but reduced the shelf life of fruit. This study was carried out to improve the shelf life of GA treated fruit. Fruit characteristics were surveyed according to the treatment part and concentration of polyamine in 'Whangkeumbae', 'Yeongsanbae', and 'Chuwhangbae'. GA was treated on fruit stalk at 30 days after flowering and 100, 200, and 300 ppm of polyamine were sprayed on leaves of fruit cluster and canopy at 7 day before harvest. In GA treated fruit, fruit weight was heavier as $10\%$ and fruit hardness was lower as $0.3\~0.5\;kg$ than control in all cultivar, but sugar content and palatability were no difference in each treatment. In morphological characteristics, the distance from pith to epidermis of GA treated fruit was faraway as $42.0\%$. Fruit hardness and palatability of 'Whangkeumbae' was good in the leaves spray on the fruit stalk with 200 ppm and the leaves spray on the canopy with 500 ppm at 30 day after harvest. 'Yeongsanbae' and 'Chuwhangbae' showed the same to the result. So we knew that the effective treatment to improve the storagibility after GA treatment on fruit stalk was the fruit stalk leaves spray with 200 ppm because it needed small amount of polyamine.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2003.07a
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• pp.156-161
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• 2003

농약과 방제기가 개발되면서 적은 노력과 비용으로 넓은 면적의 작물을 병과 해충으로부터 보호할 수 있게 되어 수확량이 대폭 늘어나고 농사도 안정적으로 지을 수 있게 되었다. 이렇게 방제작업이 손쉽게 되었으나 농약을 필요량보다 적게 뿌릴 경우 병해충을 충분히 방제할 수 없고, 많이 뿌릴 경우 비용과 환경오염을 증가시키는 또 다른 문제점에 부닥치게 되었다. 현재 사용되고 있는 방제기로 농약을 살포할 경우 노출된 작물의 잎에서는 농약이 흘러내리는 반면 수관내부에 감추어진 잎이나 병해충이 주로 발생되는 잎 뒷면은 농약 부착이 미흡하다. (중략)

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.35-46
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• 2011

The effects of organic calcium agent(ECa) tree-spray on the mineral nutrition concentration of petiole and fruit skin and quality in grapevines were studied. The calcium concentration of petiole and fruit skin at harvest in 'Campbell Early' by tree-spray after flowering 14days of calcium agent were increased significantly in calcium chloride 0.4%, ECa 250X and MCa 500X compared to control. The calcium concentration of petiole and fruit skin at harvest by ECa tree-spray after 7 days and 14 days flowering were increased significantly compared to control and 21 days after flowering treatment. Also, The calcium concentration of petiole and fruit skin at harvest by tree-spray of ECa 250X and 125X after flowering were increased significantly compared to control and 500X treatment. Fruit quality, fruit cluster weight, cracking fruit and Bitter rot occurrence by ECa tree-spray of treatment time and concentration different showed no difference between control. Phytotoxicity by tree-spray of ECa concentration different not occur to leaf and fruit.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2017

A survey was conducted to research on planting system and pesticide spray methods including spray volume, sprayer types, and spray nozzles used in apple orchards. The survey was deployed to 395 farmers in 17 cities and towns including 7 regions which are major producers of apple via interview. Major apple varieties were Fuji (79.2%) and Hongro (50.9%) and high density planting system was mainly used in apple orchards (distance between rows: 4.0-4.5 m (73.1%); planting distance: 1.5-3.5 m (88.6%); canopy height: 3.0-4.5 m (88.2%)). The percentages of sprayer types were 77.6% and 22.1% for speed sprayer (airblast sprayer) and power sprayer, respectively. Spray volumes per 10a were 250-300 L in April, the month of spraying the lowest volume, and 300-400 L in June-August, the months of spraying the highest volume. Significant difference in spray volumes were not observed between conventional planting and high density planting, but regional spray volume showed significant difference. The main nozzles used by apple farmers using power sprayers were super jet nozzle (45%), super wide nozzle (26%), and 2-3 vertical head nozzle (25%). The results will helpful to establish practical agrochemicals management policy including suggestion of pesticide spray volume and evaluation of pesticide residue data and efficacy data.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.113-117
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• 1999

Treatments with increased amount of nitrogen fertilizer had less calcium content than those of conventional fertilization in 'Starkrimson' apple fruits. When $CaCl_2$ solution was applied as tree spray, treatment of conventional fertilization had increased fruit calcium content and decreased occurrence of spotted disorders. Better in increasing fruit calcium content was secured in treatment of conventional nirtogen fertilization. The irrigation effect to sandy loam soil where 'Fuji' apple fruits were planted were observed in fruit enlargement and increase of calcium content in leaves and fruits.