• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.47-55
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate and analyse the influence of maximum size of coarse aggregate and quality control of aggregate on the properties of shotcrete through the laboratory and field test. From the results of the test, as the maximum size of coarse aggregate decreased from 13 mm to 8 mm, plasticity property declined and compressive strength and dynamic modulus of elasticity of hardened concrete increased remarkably, so it was found that the aggregate size 8 mm was superior to 13, 10 mm in fluidity, constructability and durability. Therefore, it was advisable for well maximum size of coarse aggregate to apply to the 8mm aggregates through the Ready-mixed Method for quality control and minimum segregation.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.167.2-167.2
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 지열 에너지원으로써 터널 내부 벽면의 항온성을 이용하여 터널 외벽에 텍스타일 형태의 열교환기를 설치하고 열적 거동을 평가하였다. 터널의 라이닝 부분에서는 여러 가지 요인에 의해 지하수가 터널 내부로 유입하게 되므로 지하수의 유무에 대한 열적 거동 및 유동액의 순환 속도에 따른 영향, 열교환 파이프 배열 형태에 따른 영향을 현장 시험 시공과 현장 열응답시험을 통하여 평가하고자 하였다. 또한 3-D 유한체적해석 프로그램(FLUENT)을 이용하여 숏크리트와 라이닝의 열전도도를 고려한 열교환기의 성능을 분석하였다. 수치해석 결과 열교환 파이프 주변에 지하수의 흐름이 존재할 경우 열전달이 상대적으로 더 원활히 이루어졌으며 순환속도가 빠를 때 보다 느릴수록 효율이 높게 나타났다. 또한, 파이프의 간격이 넓을수록, 파이프의 길이가 길수록 효율이 높게 나타났다. 라이닝 및 숏크리트의 열전도도가 증가함에 따라 에너지 텍스타일의 열전달 효율이 높게 나타났다. 현장 시험을 통해 비슷한 길이의 파이프가 사용된 경우, 파이프 배열 형태에 따라 수평형보다는 수직형 배열의 효율이 높게 측정되었다.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 1996

A stress redistribution process in ground support system is mpdeled taking into consideration of load transfer mechanism of unbalanced load within shotcrete in a rock cavern constructed by NATM. The corresponding analysis model for ground support system is proposed and the elastic behavior of the shotcrete is studied. The effect on the support system due to variation of several design parameters is analysed with the proposed model. The suggested model yields considerably reduced maximum compressive stresses in shotcrete. Both the pressure coefficient in horizontal direction and the elastic modulus of rock mass govern overall responses, whereas the variation of the properties in support system shows a little difference in system responses. Interaction equations for evaluating safety factors for structural members are suggested. The result of this study can be used in the structural safety assessment of underground structures.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.154-166
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• 2004

A numerical stability analysis was conducted on the large oil storage caverns excavated in a rock mass under high initial horizonal stress. The behaviors of the surrounding rock mass, rockbolts, and shotcrete were analyzedr and stability of the support members were assessed. For a proper support system design, the effect of the modelling technique, cavern shape and rockbolt length on the stability of the cavern was investigated. Results show that installation timing of supports and the change in cavern shape due to stepwise excavation affect the stress induced in support members. Also found was desperate need for a numerical technique which can properly reflect the behavior of the steel fiber reinforced shotcrete.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.5C
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• pp.187-202
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• 2011

In this Application Study based on the result of the Basic Study, the field test was performed to compare the quality of Ready-mixed shotcrete with that of the existing field mix shotcrete, and the long-term durability was evaluated as tunnel supporting. The plant manufacturing system was also designed to produce standardization materials, and the prototype products were produced with that system. The All-in-one silo mixer was designed and the field construction system using the All-in-one silo mixer was proposed to be most effectively applied Ready-mixed Shotcrete in construction fields. And the application of Ready-mixed Shotcrete was confirmed that more superior to the field mix Shotcrete by evaluating the Constructability and Economics.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.185-194
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• 2017

This technical paper is a study on the unique displacements of Shotcrete Lining at the mined tunnel during excavation period through deep consideration with real time data from monitoring instrumentations correlation with the numerical analysis to identify the rock stresses and the rock spring points at the working face of the Conventional tunnelling by the Drill and Blast, based on the geological face mapping results of the project NS2, Transmission cable tunnel project in Singapore. The created geometry of numerical model was prepared to the real mined tunnel construction site including, vertical shaft, construction adit, tunnel junction area, and 2 enlargement caverns. The convergence measurements by the monitoring instrumentation were performed during the tunnel excavation and shaft sinking construction stages to guarantee the safety of complicated underground structures.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.71-80
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• 2007

Because of the characteristics relating to high tensile ductility, High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites (HPFRCC) are studied to be adopted in repair and retrofit of buildings. A series of three shear wall specimens was tested under constant axial stress and reversed cyclic lateral loading in order to evaluate the seismic retrofit that had been proposed for the shear wall with the opening. The retrofit involved the use of newly developed ECC and MDF(Macro Defect Free), both of which are sprayed through the high pressure pump, over the entire face of the wall. The results indicate that two difference types of retrofitting strategy make the different effects of a rise in the strength and ductility of each specimen.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.19-25
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• 2005

A tunnel that uses the RMR method or the Q-system is called a 'modem tunnel' because the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) is not employed, even though shotcrete and rock bolts are used as support. It is known that the modem tunnel, which is supported by shotcrete, is basically different from the conventional tunnel, which is supported by steel ribs. In order to preserve the load-carrying capacity of the rock mass, loosening and excessive rock deformations must be minimized. Although it is known that this can be achieved by applying shotcrete in the case of the modem tunnel, this has not been clearly demonstrated. In order to inspect the distinctions between the conventional tunnel and the modern tunnel, their support characteristics and the rock loads of the rock mass classifications are compared. Terzaghi's rock load classification was used as the conventional tunnel's representative rock mass classification. The RMR method and the Q-system were adopted as the modem tunnel's representative rock mass classification. The study's results show that the load-carrying capacity of shotcrete, when used as the main support in the modern tunnel, is greater than the load-capacity of the steel ribs used in the conventional tunnel. Because it has been verified that the rock loads of their rock mass classifications are not different, then, according to the rock mass classifications, the load-carrying capacity of the rock mass of the modern tunnel, which uses shotcrete, is not greater than that of the conventional tunnel.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.357-367
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• 2017

Bending and axial forces simultaneously occur at the cross-section of a shotcrete lining reinforced with steel supports due to the tunnel geometry. The shotcrete has changing flexural stiffness depending on the axial forces and, as a result, severely nonlinear behavior. The mechanical properties of a shotcrete-steel composite also depend on the type of steel support. This study presents a fiber section element model considering the effect of axial force to evaluate the nonlinear behavior of a shotcrete-steel composite. Additionally, the model was used to analyze the effects of different types of steel supports on the load capacity. Furthermore, a modified hyperbolic model for ground reaction, including strain-softening, is proposed to account for the ground-lining interaction. The model was validated by comparing the numerical results with results from previous load test performed on arched shotcrete specimens. The changes in mechanical responses of the lining were also investigated. Results show a lining with doubly reinforcement rebar has similar load capacity as a lining with H-shaped supports. The use of more materials for the steel support enhances the residual resistance. For all types of steel reinforcement, the contribution of steel supports during peak load decreases as the ground becomes stiffer.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.135-148
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• 2014

This study was performed to evaluate the performance about Improved C12A7 based mineral accelerator (ICM) increased in initial and long-term strength. ICM was developed to overcome the long-term strength decrease in existing accelerator. To evaluate the performance of ICM according to addition rate, setting time, compressive strength, and flexural strength tests were conducted in laboratory. In results, initial setting time was slower, final setting time was faster than existing $C_{12}A_7$ based mineral accelerator (CM) when usage of ICM 6%. In compressive and flexural strength, existing CM was higher than ICM at 3hours and 1day. After 7days, strength of shotcrete using ICM was increased. Rebound test, compressive strength and flexural strength test with optimum addition rate through the laboratory test were conducted in field. Field experiment results were the same as laboratory test. Long-term strength performance of ICM was superior to existing accelerator.