• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.189-197
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• 1980

Effect of monoterpene composition in pine needles on the susceptibility to pine gall midge (Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye) has been pursued. The pines studied include 5 susceptible and 2 resistant species. Also included were severely damaged or unaffected P. densiflora in the pine gall midge affected region. From the needles of the pine trees, 9 monoterpenes were identified by GLC. No correlationship, was found to hold in the monoterpene composition between pine gall midge susceptible and nonsusceptible pine species. Concentrations of limonene, however, gradually increased following oviposition in the unaffected P. densiflora while the concentrations of the monoterpene remained constant in the damaged P. densiflora. Effect of high limonene concentration in the needles of P. densiflora is discussed as a possible factor inducing resistance toward the pest in the unaffected Pinus densiflora.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.150-155
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• 1997

Distribution of pine needle gall midge infestations was analyzed from data collected in young Japanese red pine stands during 1992, and 1995-1996 in Kangwon-do. No significant differences in percentages of infested needle pairs were found among trees and between terminal and lateral shoots within a tree. However, the mean percentages of infested needle pairs increased significantly from the lower crown to the upper. Percentages of infested needle pairs on sample units, consisting 1 terminal and 2 lateral shoots, in the midcrown were best predictors of whole-tree percentages than were other crown levels. Therefore, a sample unit consisting of 1 terminal shoot and 2 lateral shoots per branch were fixed from the midcrown level. Number of tree and sample unit combinations needed to estimate pine needle gall midge infestations with given two levels of precision were determined.

• 산림경영
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• s.143
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• pp.46-48
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• 2000

산림청 임업연구원(원장 노의래)은 최근 침엽수종인 소나무, 낙엽송 및 리기테다소나무 등 체세포배에 의한 복제 묘목을 대량생산하는 생물공학적 기술을 개발하는데 성공하였다. 지금까지 임업에서는 접목이나 꺾꽂이 등의 무성증식방법으로 특정형질을 가진 복제묘목을 생산하여 왔다. 특히 이러한 방법은 유실수, 포플러 등에 오랫동안 적용되어 왔으나 최근에는 체세포배에 의한 복제기술이 주로 활엽수 등에서 성공한 바 있다. 이번에 개발한 체세포배에 의한 복제기술은 내년부터 솔잎혹파리에 강한 내충성 소나무, 형질이 월등히 우수한 낙엽송 및 리기테다소나무의 대량생산에 적용하여 단기간내에 솔잎혹파리 내충성 소나무 복제묘목을 보급함으로써 솔잎혹파리 피해가 없는 우량소나무 조림이 가능할 것으로 기대하고 있다. 현재 캐나다 및 뉴질랜드와 같은 임업 선진국가에서는 체세포배에 의한 복제기술을 이용하여 새로운 우수 품종을 산업적인 규모로 대량 생산하고 있으나, 우리나라 소나무와 같이 2엽송(二葉松)인 경우 체세포배에 의한 복제 식물체를 생산한 것은 세계적으로 드문 일이다. 이번 연구 결과는 유전자조작 등의 첨단 생물공학 기법을 나무에 적용하기 위한 필수적인 전(前)단계로서 침엽수 육종에서 새로운 전기를 마련하였다고 볼 수 있으며 특히 임업도 농작물과 같이 특수한 품종을 육성할 수 있는 길을 터놓아 산림자원화와 산주소득증대에 크게 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.45-48
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• 1969

The objective of this research was to investigate the seasonal trends in the population of the larvae of the Pine gall-midge in the spring at field. 1. The comparative ratio in the number of larvae of the Pine gall-midge was 100 in early spring, 29 at April 15th and 10 at May 4th. 2. Probably, the seasonal decrease in the number of larvae at field may be due to the gradual rising in the temperature and decreasing the relative Humidity season the experiment was conducted. 3. Water selection method gave best results in collecting the larvae from soil.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.32-38
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• 1982

The study has been carried out to investigate a possibility to control the pine needle gall midge, Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inoue, by microbial pathogens as one of the microbial control measures. The samples were collected at Kocheon-Ri in the suburbs of Suweon city where were heavily damaged by this pest. Microorganisms were isolated from the both of diseased larvae and baiting method of soil microbes. In addition to, several species of the silkworm mucardine diseases were isolated for their infectivity of these fungi to the larvae of pine needle gall midge. Six species of fungi, Aureobasidium pullulans, Ascochyta sp, Verticillium psalliotae, Streptomyces sp., and two species of Aspergillus were isolated from the galls and soils, five species of muscardine diseases, Isaria farinosa, Spicaria pracina, Oospora destructor, Aspergillus flavus and A. oryzae were also identified from the silkworm corpse collected in the silkworm rearing farmers. Total of eleven species of fungi identified from the both of the larval of pine needle gall midge and silkworm larvae were tested for their pathogenecity to the larvae of pine needle gall midge. All of eleven species of fungi identified showed a considerable infectivity to the larvae. Twenty nine different kinds of bacteria were isolated from the both of diseased larvae and infested soils through the direct planting for the larvae and streaking for the corpse. The infectivity test is in progress. However two kinds of bacteria were recognized to be pathogenic to the larvae tested.

• 산림경영
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• s.88
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• pp.17-22
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• 1993

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.22-26
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• 1966

As a series of studies on the behaviour of Pine gallmidge (Theccdiplosis japonensis Uehida ei Inoaye), the season of the larval hibernation in winter as well as the season of the attack of adults on pine needles in the vicinity of Seoul were observed, and following results were obtained. 1. The larvae get out of the galls and fall into the ground for the hibernation commencing from the end of September and finishing by the end of January of the next year. 2. About 76% of the whole larvae fell down during the month of November. 3. The frequency and the duration of raining mainly influenced the larval falling into the ground but temperature, humidity and the quantity of rainfall was not likely influence upon it. 4. As many as 47,000 larvae were counted per 1.5 square meter of the ground under the crown of the damaged trees. 5. When pine needles were isolated by fine linen-net-bag to keep the needles from the oviposition of the adults of the insect, at six different season; -i.e. 30th, May, 6th, 10th, 15th, 25th, and 30th June, the percentages of the damage were 80%, 50%, 36%, 19%, 20% and 1% respectively, while the damage of the control was 91%.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.3
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• pp.372-380
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• 1996

This study was carried out to study the resistant substances to pine needle gall midge and seasonal variation of phenolic compounds in pine needles among susceptible and resistant species to pine needle gall midge. Free and water soluble phenolic compounds contained in pine needles showed seasonal variations among pine species. But, catechol, vanillic acid and syringic acid including phenolic compounds showed no variation between pine species, even the amount of those component varied by the seasons. Salicylic acid in pine needles showed 140ppm in Pinus virginiana, 35ppm in Pinus thunbergii and 72ppm in hybrid pine, Pinus thunbergii${\times}$P. virginiana, but traces in Pinus densiflora on May and June, hatching season in larvae of pine needle gall midge. There was high level of salicylic acid in resistant species to pine needle gall midge but traces in susceptible species. As our previous researches, the necrosis rate of larvae of pine needle gall midge showed high level on the solution of phenolic compounds extracted from needles of P. virginiana and salicylic acid, and there was no gall formation in P. virginiana, so that salicylic acid in pine needles seems to have relation with those results. Therefore, it is estimated that salicylic acid is resistant substance to pine needle gall midge.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 1975

Forecasting of emergence period of the pine gall midge (Thecodiplosis japonensis U. et I.) is important for the chemical control of the pest. In order to determine the phenosignal of the emergence period of the pine gall midge, the flowering time of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) at Seoul, Gwangnug, Jounju and Gyungju districts in Korea was investigated. 1. The emergence period of the pine gall midge lasted from end of May until end of June. The emergence of the pine gall midge coincided with the beginning of flowering of black locus at every districts in Korea. 2. The peak of emergence of the pine gall midge lasted from the full blooming period until the end of the flowering period of the black locust. 3. The period of adult emergence of pine gall midge was also found to be associated with the full blooming period of Viburnum sargentii (Caprifeliaceae). Rosa mulliflora (Reseaceae) and Iris ensata (Iridaceae) at Seoul in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 1999

The frequency of gall formation by pine needle gall midges ranged from 35% to 40% in both P. densiflora and P. thunbergii species. However, there was no indication of gall development from larva on both P. virgiana and P. rigida species suggesting that some specific compounds might play role in preventing gall formation of larva. The susceptible species to pine needle gall midges including P. densiflora and P. thunbergii contained a little salicylic acid under the free phenolic compound conditions while the resistant species against such insects including P. virginiana and P. rigida species contained about 37ppm to 50ppm of salicylic acid. Thus, this compound might have important roles in insect resistance. The contents of internal salicylic acid in the needles of susceptible pines increased from 9.5ppm to 20.6ppm after direct external irrigation of salicylic acid solution and flour treatment on roots. As a result, the frequency of gall formation decreased dramatically 17~19 times lower when compared with that of control. According to our results, the application of salicylic acid for effective prevention against insect damages should be performed before hatching eggs. The frequency of gall formation in the hybrid pines of P. thunbergii(susceptible) and P. virginiana(resistant) showed approximately 24% as average value of those in both species. In the case of specific individuals, it ranged from 2.8% to 11.5% in hybrids of both species. Therefore, effective production of insect resistant pines can be obtained through hybrids by crossing between susceptible and resistant species including P. thunbergii and P. virginiana by increasing internal salicylic acid contents of the needles.