• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.96-101
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• 2007

Gas Discharge Tubes (GDTs) are widely used as surge protectors for communication applications due to their small internal capacitance. In these days, however, they are mostly used in combined configurations, because the sparkover voltage required to initiate the discharge process in the GDTs and the time taken for arc formation process can be large enough to damage to sensitive circuits. For GDTs with a considerably high initial residual voltage, we should limit the peak voltage using a TVS or filter. We made a hybrid SPD circuits of common-mode type and differential-mode type with the filter using common-mode choke. Also, we applied lightning impulse voltage and ring wave voltage which frequency bandwidth are different each other and verified the characteristics of hybrid SPD circuits according to waveshapes. We describe how the applied SPDs operate in protection process steps with the actual data obtained from the residual voltage measurement at each step. The experiment results show that the surge voltage reduction with the choke coil is more effective in differential-mode circuit than in common-mode circuit.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.269-273
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• 2015

The study investigated the effect of the distance between two collinear circumferential surface cracks on the primary stress corrosion crack (PWSCC) growth in alloy 600TT steam generator tubes using a finite element damage analysis based on the PWSCC initiation model and macroscopic phenomenological damage mechanics approach. The damage analysis method was verified by comparing the results to the previous study results. The verified method was applied to collinear circumferential surface PWSCCs. As a result, it was found that the collinear cracks showed earlier coalescence and penetration times than the a single crack, and the times increased with the distance. In addition, it is expected that penetration may occur before coalescence of two cracks if they are more than a specific distance apart.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.295-304
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• 2011

The first step in improving our understanding of uncertainties suclt as rock mass strength parameters and deformation modulus in rock masses around high-level radioactive waste disposal repositories, for improved safety, is to study the process of crack development in intact rock. Therefore, in this study, the fracture process and crack development were examined in samples of KURT granite taken from the KAERI Underground Research Tunnel (KURT), based on acoustic emission (AE) and moment tensor analysis. The results show that crack initiation, coalescence, and unstable crack occurred at rock uniaxial compressive strengths of 0.45, 0.73, and 0.84, respectively. In addition, moment tensor analysis indicated that during the early stage of loading, tensile cracks were predominant. With increasing applied stress, the number of shear cracks gradually increased. When the applied stress exceeded the stress level required for crack damage, unstable shear cracks which directly result in failure of the rock were generated along the failure plane.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2001

Changes of gill tissue and body composition of grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by the manipulation of salinity were observed in a recirculating rearing system. Salinity was increased from $0\%_{\circ}$ to $33\%_{\circ}$for 1 day and remained far 15days, thereafter salinity was decreased from $33\%_{\circ}$ to $0\%_{\circ{$ for 1 day and remained for other 15 days. Any morphological differences of gill lamella in grey mullet were not observed in seawater and freshwater. However, on day 2 in exposure to seawater, Nile tilapia showed the edema and bloodclot in gill lamella. In the case of grey mullet, mitochondria and tubular system of chloride cell were more densely packed according to the salinity increase. The whole body of grey mullet showed no significant differences in moisture content during experimental period. However, moisture content in whole body of the Nile tilapia was signincantly decreased when exposed to seawater. Protein content in whole body of grey mullet showed no significant difference between beginning and day 15 of the experiment.

• Explosives and Blasting
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.31-44
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• 2005

In highly stressed conditions, the excavation damage zone induced by stress redistribution and disturbance must be evaluated after tunnel excavation. Therefore, the investigation of stress-induced deformation and fracture in rock is indispensable. In this study, fracture and damage mechanisms of rock induced by the accumulation of microcracks were investigated by the moving point regression technique as well as acoustic emission measured during uniaxial compression tests. Especially, the modified procedures to determine damage thresholds more systematically were newly proposed, and successfully applied to rock. From experiments, crack initiation and track damage stress levels were estimated to be $33{\~}36\%$ and $84{\~}89\%$ of uniaxial compressive strength respectively, for both of Hwangdeung granite and Yeosan marble. However, the normalized crack closure stress level for Yeosan marble was much higher than for Hwangdeung granite. In addition, the largest proportion of total axial strain in Hwangdeung granite was attributable to elastic deformation and initial microcracking. However, the greatest part of axial deformation in Yeosan marble arose from initial crack closure and unstable cracking. Finally, it was seen that unstable cracking after the crack damage stress level played a key part in the lateral deformation in rocks under uniaxial compression.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate difference of the muscle activation patterns of the upper body during wheelchair cycle ramps ascent of different slopes for disabled with spinal cord injury. Three subjects who is disabled with spinal cord injury participated in this study. Surface electromyography (EMG) data (reaction time [RT], onset-offset time, and peak value of muscle activation) were collected biceps, triceps, upper trapezius, anterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi, and upper rectus abdominal muscles during wheelchair cycle ramps ascent ($0^{\circ}$, $3^{\circ}$, and $6^{\circ}$). For latissimus dorsi muscle, RT and peak value of muscle activation was were increased and offset time was delayed as the slope increased (p < 0.05). These results indicate that wheelchair cycle ramps ascent might cause excessive overuse of latissimus dorsi muscle.

• CORROSION AND PROTECTION
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2013

Alloy 600 재료의 PWSCC의 개념을 소개하고 그 발생과 전파에 미치는 미세조직, 온도, 응력, 수화학 환경등의 주요인자를 정리하였다. ◯ PWSCC란 니켈 기지 합금인 Alloy 600와 그 용접재인 Alloy 82/182 재료가 원자로 1차수 환경에서 보이는 응력부식균열을 의미한다. ◯ Alloy 600의 PWSCC에 미치는 주요 인자에는 재료의 미세조직, 응력, 온도, 환경등이 있으며 그 중에서 재료의 미세조직이 가장 지배적인 인자이다. ◯ 재료내의 탄화물은 탄소 함량과 열처리 조건에 따라 달리 형성되며 입계를 따라 준연속적으로 잘 발달된 입계탄화물을 가지는 재료가 PWSCC에 저항성을 가진다. ◯ 손상속도는 부가 응력의 네 제곱에 비례하여 증가하는 것으로 알려져 있다. ◯ PWSCC는 Arrhenius 관계의 열활성화 과정(thermally activated process)이다. ◯ 용존수소량에 따라 재료의 부식전위가 정해지는데 전극전위가 Ni/NiO 평형전위 부근에서 가장 큰 균열 성장 민감도를 보인다는 데는 연구자들 사이에 이견이 없다. 그러나 균열의 개시에 대한 용존수소량의 영향에 대해서는 이견이 있다.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.93-106
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• 2001

T-joint and hopper knuckle joint models are typical welded joints in ship structure, which are very susceptible to fatigue damage under service condition. Fatigue test and fracture mechanical analysis were performed on these joints to find out characteristics of fatigue behavior. Unified S-N curve was developed from the test results of these two types of joint using hot spot stress concept, and also propagation life was also estimated using Paris' crack propagation law. Residual stress effect on propagation life was considered in calculating propagation life, as was done with thermo-elasto-plastic FE analysis and residual stress intensity factor calculation. Fatigue life of similar kinds of welded joint could be predicted with this unified S-N curve and fracture mechanical analysis technique.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.293-303
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• 2018

Monitoring is the act of collecting and analyzing accurate engineering information using various methods and instruments. The purposes of the monitoring are design verification, construction management, quality control, safety management, and diagnose of structure etc.. The diagnose evaluation of the geotechnical structures corresponds to the confirmation of the structural performance. It is aimed to judge the soundness of geotechnical structures considering the degree of damage due to the environmental change and elapsed time. Recently, microseismicity, which is widely known in Korea, can be used for safety management and diagnoses of structure as it detects the micro-damage without disturbance of the structure. This report provides guideline on the procedure for assessing an underground oil storage cavern using microseismic monitoring techniques. Guidelines cover the selection of monitoring systems, sensor array, sensor installation and operation of systems, and interpretation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.523-528
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• 2015

In this study, we evaluated the heating characteristics of single sonication and superposed two low-intensity ultrasonic sonication. Compare the results, the superposed sonication was showed a superior thermal effect than single sonication. And the maximum temperature was increased as 120-150%. The starting time of temperature rising has been shortened in superposed sonication. In addition, the time up to the maximum temperature has been shortened, too. In generally, as the ultrasonic intensity is higher, the more surface damage is occurred. However, in the case of superposed sonication, the same thermal effect had be confirmed without surface damage. Through the results of the study, we thought that the superposed sonication will be able to reduce the intensity of the ultrasonic treatment. And, by using the low-intensity, the more safe and more effect therapy will be possible in therapeutic ultrasound application.