• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.247-255
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• 2002

Indoor and outdoor nitrogen dioxide (NO$_2$) concentrations were measured and compared with measurements of personal exposures of 95 persons in Seoul, Korea and 57 persons in Brisbane, Australia, respectively. Time activity diary was used to determine the impact on NO$_2$ exposure assessment and microenvironmental model to estimate the personal NO$_2$ exposure. Most people both Seoul and Brisbane spent their times more than 90% of indoor and more than 50% in home, respectively. Personal NO$_2$ exposures were significantly associated with indoor NO$_2$ levels with Pearson coefficient of 0.70 (p＜0.01) and outdoor NO$_2$ levels with Pearson coefficient of 0.66 (p＜0.01) in Seoul and of 0.51 (p＜0.01) and of 0.33 (p＜0.05) in Brisbane, respectively. Using microenvironmental model by time weighted average model, personal NO$_2$ exposures were estimated with NO$_2$ measurements in indoor home, indoor office and outdoor home. Estimated NO$_2$ measurements were significantly correlated with measured personal exposures (r = 0.69, p＜0.001) in Seoul and in Brisbane (r = 0.66, p＜0.001), respectively. Difference between measured and estimated NO$_2$ exposures by multiple regression analysis was explained that NO$_2$ levels in near workplace and other outdoors in Seoul (p = 0.023), and in transportation in Brisbane (p = 0.019) affected the personal NO$_2$ exposures.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.280-291
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• 2013

This paper analyzes desirable breast types using measurements from 31 selected female subjects based on the ratio of breast in works of art and to design a brassiere cup design according to the breast type of 182 female subjects in their 20s. The subjects selected for this paper are somewhat larger than a previous study on aesthetically perfect breasts of foreigners according to chest breadth, center neck point to breast point, breast circumference, and breast volume. However, the aesthetic breasts of foreigners are larger than the subjects selected for this study according to chest depth, under-bust circumference, and bust point to bust point. Comparing various breasts types and aesthetic breasts, padding is necessary to complement the form of flat breasts to increase the volume and diameter. Brassiere cups for cone-shaped breasts should be designed to increase breast volume through an increase in nipple height. Hemisphere breasts should be designed to increase the overall volume-leaving diameter. Protrusion breasts should enhance the functions of aggregating and supporting without any increase or decrease of the breast volume. Drooping breasts require the ability to support a large volume to stabilize the breast. Subjects were selected depending on the ratio of breast silhouette as works of art and who have large breasts in disproportional to a slender trunk. Three items, the circumferential length of breast, height of the nipple, and the depth of inner breast using the anthropomorphic measurements of 182 subjects were measured through regression equations for breast volume. Breast volume = -394.86 + 27.52 ${\times}$ (the circumferential length of breast) + 18.73 ${\times}$ (height of the nipple) + 12.85 ${\times}$ (the depth of inner breast). Regression equations to extract the aesthetic breast volume in measurements irrelevant to breasts using the anthropomorphic measurements of 31 subjects were as follows. Aesthetic breast volume = -611.30 + 17.67 ${\times}$ (bust circumference) -24.29 ${\times}$ (under-bust circumference) + 16.31 ${\times}$ (neck point to breast point to waistline) + 22.83 ${\times}$ (bust breadth) + 12.22 ${\times}$ (waist depth) -8.34 ${\times}$ (interscye- front). This prediction equation is useful to develop a breast type brassiere pattern, complement breast enhancement surgery, or minimize the effect a mastectomy.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.189-206
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• 2016

A breast model was for the human body was devised by studying a body scan and human body index of a desirable breast type. Thus, when manufacturing various 3D models, these results can accordingly become a fundamental basis for realizing a desirable breast model. This study aims to provide a basic data for designing the cup patterns of brassieres in order to improve the function and wearing comfort. The comfort of three kinds of brassieres were compared: one manufactured by the actual measured size; another manufactured as per the ratio of desirable upper and lower breast lengths; and the third manufactured by the 3D model attained by the desirable human body ratio. In this study, we suggest a process for realizing the desirable breast model using the ratio of bust breadth and waist front length, which are the components for deciding the appropriate position and size of breast, and which are easy to measure. The ideal breast shape is an equilateral triangle formed by connecting the nipple with the center of the clavicle. After deciding the interval between the nipples, this value can be used to configure the locations of nipples by drawing a tangent, with equal length, from the anterior neck point (which is the center of clavicle) to the nipple. Also, since inside points of breast do not exist, the outer point of breast, upper point of breast, and below point of breast on the same plane, and the depths from the nipple point to the respective points, are applied to simulate a 3D image, by modifications along the x, y, and z axes. Depending on the type of breast, the length from the center of shoulder to the nipple, the diameter of breast, upper length of breast, and the position of nipple, are different. In conical or protruding breast, the wearing sensation is better when the nipple point of brassiere was lifted, by modifying the upper and lower lengths of breast. Considering the wearing sensation and function of a brassiere, it was better to leave the wearer's size as it is and use a pad within the same cup, rather than increase the basal area of the breast in order to increase the volume.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제49호
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• pp.161-185
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• 2012

본고는 조선 중기 사대부 여성 윤씨부인의 일생을 서포(西浦) 김만중(金萬重)의 "선비정경부인행장(先?貞敬夫人行狀)"을 주 자료로 하여 재구하여, 아들에 의해 형상화된 사대부 여성의 여사(女師)적 이미지를 고찰하였다. 윤씨 부인의 삶은 한 마디로 여사적(女師的) 삶이라고 규정할 수 있다. 그녀는 당대 최고 명문가인 해평 윤문의 외동 딸로 태어나 할머니인 정혜옹주에게 엄격한 훈육을 받고 강한 의지력과 절제력을 지닌 사려 깊은 여성으로 성장하였다. 이후 조선 최고의 예학 집안인 광산 김문으로 출가하지만 병자호란이라는 미증유의 국난에 남편 김익겸이 순절하여, 윤씨부인은 남편, 아버지의 자리를 대신하여 가문의 여사가 되었다. 집안의 정신적 지도자, 여사로 윤씨부인은 손녀 딸 인경왕후를 덕망을 갖춘 왕가의 여인으로 훈육하였다. 그녀는 손자, 조카들의 교육에도 열과 성을 다하였는데, 그 결과 두 아들과 손자가 대제학에 오르는 가문의 번성을 이루게 된다. 만년에 연이은 정변으로 가문에 위기가 닥쳤을 때도 윤씨부인은 집안의 여사로서 중심을 잡고 법도를 준수하여 가문의 앞날을 기약하였다. 손자와 종손들에게 학업에 힘쓸 것을 당부하였고, 며느리, 손부들에게는 근검한 집안의 법도를 지킬 것을 유언으로 남겼다. 보통 사람으로는 감당하기 어려웠던 고난과 좌절을 강인한 의지로 극복해 낸 윤씨부인의 삶은 가부장 제도에 순종한 여성의 수동적 선택으로 평가하는 것은 온당하지 않다. 그녀는 아름다운 자질을 지니고 태어난 현명한 여성으로 자신에게 주어진 운명의 길을 능동적으로 걸어간 것이다. 윤씨부인은 고난과 궁핍을 두려워하지 않고 극복하며 다른 사람의 본보기가 되는 삶에 진정한 가치를 둔 진정한 스승, 여사(女師)였던 것이다.