• The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
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• v.3 no.1 s.4
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• pp.16-27
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• 1995

The Early Miocene Temblor Formation forms an important sandstone reservoir at Kettleman North Dome oil field, California. Sandstones are mostly arkosic in composition except deepest sandstones containing much volcanic rock fragments. Arranged in paragenetic sequence prior to feldspar alteration, the Temblor sandstones contain cements of early calcite, dolomite, quartz, albite, mixed-layer ohloriteismectite (C/S) and smectite, and anhydrite. Diagenetic changes associated with feldspar are albitization of plagioclase, late calcite and laumontite cementation and grain replacement, plagioclase dissolution, and kaolinite cementation. Plagioclase albitization and late calcite and laumontite cementation in Temblor sandstones occurred at the time of maximum burial with temperatures up to $130^{\circ}C$. Volcanic plagioclases were selectively albitized. Most diagenetic changes are interpreted to have occurred before the maior uplift which occurred within the last one million years ago. Since then to the time of hydrocarbon emplacement plagioclase dissolution and kaolinite cementation occurred. This reaction occurred in relatively closed system due to the occurrence of kaolinite next to the site of plagioclase dissolution. Unaltered part of volcanic plagioclase and plutonic plagioclase which escaped albitization during maximum burial were preferentially dissolved to make plagioclase porosity. Secondary porosity resulting from dissolution of plagioclase and carbonate and anhydrite cements was mainly produced by formation waters containing organic acids released during atagenesis of organic matter.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.210-227
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• 1992

KODOS-89 area, the northwestern part of Clarion-Clarion-Clipperton fracture zones in the Northeast Pacific, was surveyed in order to study the occurrence and distribution of manganese nodules. Variations in the nodule characteristics are related mainly to seafloor topography. Nodules from abyssal plain have high Mn/Fe ratio and high Mn, Cu, Ni and Zn concentrations, whereas those from seamount are characterized by low Mn/Fe ratio and high Fe and Co concentrations. These compositional characteristics are attributed to toxic diagnosis and hydrogenesis, respectively. Nodules of the early diegenetic origin tend to accurate crystalline Mn-oxides uniformly within the topmost sediment layers and maintain a regular spheroidal, ellipsoidal to discoidal shape with rough surface textures. On the other hand, those of hydrogenetic origin are characterized by polynucleation, irregualr shape, and smooth surface textures. Nodule abundance is high (avg. 13.4 kg/m$^2$) in seamount area, resulting from ample supply of nucleating materials by auto-fragmentation of older nodules. Nodule abundance in abyssal plain is relatively low (avg. 3.9 kg/m$^2$) and tends to increase southward. This phenomenon results from facilitation of taking seed materials from adjacent seamount and enhancement of the early diagenesis by sufficient supply of organic materials. Nodule abundance is considered to be controlled primarily by seeding effects and secondly by supplies of organic materials.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.241-253
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• 2021

Manganese nodules have been found in the shallow water depth of the Arctic Ocean as well as in the abyssal plains of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, but detailed study for them were rarely investigated. Manganese nodules, collected from the East Siberian Sea through the Arctic Expedition using Araon ice braking vessel, have a high potential for Mn mineral resources because they have high Mn content with high Mn/Fe ratio. This study investigated the external form, size and weight, internal texture for the non-spherical manganese nodule, which has about 7 % of total nodule from the East Siberian Sea. This study also researched the relative Mn-oxide mineral composition using the peak area ratio of X-ray diffraction pattern and their chemical composition. All data obtained from non-spherical nodules were compared with the spherical ones. Ellipsoidal, platy and irregular types are common among 5 groups of non-spherical manganese nodule based on the external form, and major axis and weight have positive relationship. All non-spherical manganese nodules have core mainly composed of mud sediments. The average Mn oxide mineral contents in nodules are birnessite, buserite and todorokite in descending order. Although mineral composition does not show any correlation with the external form, kind of core or internal structure, todorokite and buserite contents tend to increase and birnessite content decrease from the surface to the core in the nodule. Non-spherical manganese nodules have higher Mn content and Mn/Fe ratio than those from the shallow water depth of the Arctic Sea and even in the deep-sea of the Pacific and Indian Ocean. Although non-spherical nodule is larger and heavier, and has lower Mn content and Mn/Fe ratio than spherical nodule, there are not any differences in mineral composition and internal structure between them. Almost all manganese nodules collected from the East Siberian Sea are attributed to diagenetic process, because they are higher than 5 in Mn/Fe ratio.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technology Innovation Society Conference
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• 2017.11a
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• pp.875-892
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 4차 산업혁명에 대한 선제적 대응 및 2050년 환경변화 대응 이슈 도출, 미래사회 지질자원분야 역할 재조명을 위해 2050 미래상 및 지질자원 기술의 위치와 역할에 대한 연구를 실시하였다. 거시환경 분석을 위해 사회, 기술, 경제, 환경, 정치 부문(STEEP)을 분석하였다. 미래사회 변화 및 트렌드를 분석하여 지질자원 분야와 관련이 되는 주요 이슈를 4차 산업혁명, 우주 지구, 에너지, 광물자원 재료, 기후환경, 지질환경, 삶의 터전으로 제시하였다. 지질자원 분야 키워드와 미래 이슈 연관 분석, 미래사회 해결 이슈(기술 수요) 구체화, 요구하는 서비스 속성 도출, 지질자원 분야 서비스/제품을 구성하여 지속가능 풍부한 자원 미래 실현의 4개 미래기술, 예측(조정)되는 자연환경 관리의 3개 미래기술, 제한 없이 확대된 삶의 터전 구축의 3개 미래기술을 제시하였다.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.335-348
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• 2016

The fluvial Tamna Formation, consisting of conglomerate, sandstone and mudstone layers, is widely distributed in Jeiu Island. Various sizes of quartz crystals were identified from most of the Tamna Formation, including the mudstone layer. XRD analysis also shows that the mudstone layer is composed of various minerals, quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, mica, magnetite, hematite, olivine, amphibole, gibbsite, calcite, analcime and clay minerals such as illite, kaolinite, vermiculite, smectite, chlorite, $10{\AA}$-halloysite. There is a tendency showing that the more amount of kaolinite, vermiculite, and chlorite is present where the more amount of quartz crystals is present. It is likely that the main source materials contributing to the Tamna Formation were from the parental rocks containing abundant quartz grains, suggesting that the Tamna Formation could not be related to Jeju volcanic rocks, but possibly to pre-existing basement rocks. Thus, we propose that the Tamna Formation was formed from the materials derived from both pre-existing basement rocks and Jeju volcanic rocks, which were subsequently affected by diagenesis, hydrothermal alteration and weathering process.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.225-242
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• 2006

This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of international trade. The method is to analyze the principal components by changing interaction attribute matrix of four dimensions (hinterland, gateway, foreland and commodities) into two dimension matrix. The study area is the territory region of Cheongju clearance depot in inland. The result are as follows : Major spatial patterns of regional connections by hinterland, gateway and foreland are, in the case of exports, ten patterns and in the case of imports come to nine. Composition of major export and import commodities in Cheongju clearance depot are similar, but precision instrument manufactured commodity and nonmetal mineral are remarkable in export and mineral manufactured commodity machinery and electronic manufactured commodity are remarkable in import. Gateway are similar to export and import, but Incheon international airport is used more in the case of import. And Cheongiu international airport is used for some commodities and is remarkable as a foreland of import for the areas outside of Chungcheongbuk-do.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2013

Diagenetic black chert nodules occur in the Paleozoic dolostone in Susan, Jecheon, Korea. They reacted with dolomite to form alteration rim around the nodules during the contact metamorphism probably related to the intrusion of biotite granite. In the earlier stage of alteration, talc and calcite replaced both the chert and dolomite, which were subsequently replaced by tremolite. Significant mass of tremolite occurs along the horizon enriched with chert nodules. Scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy of the tremolite specimens revealed the elongated morphology of diverse aspect ratios coexisting in several mm scale. Non-asbestiform tremolite columns were also common as well as asbestiform fibrous bundles. Quantitative estimation of asbestos should be more cautious for naturally occurring materials because all the tremolite particles in the outcrop are not asbestiform. The occurrence of asbestiform tremolite in the Susan area indicates that a combination of chert-bearing dolostone, heat source, and aqueous fluids is one of the geological environments for the formation of asbestiform tremolite.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1990

Clay mineralogical properties, soil formation and classification for the limestone derived soil were discussed from the 4 soil series, Pyeongchang, Anmi, Yulgog, and Mungyeong, distributed over the area of Bangjeol-Ri, Yeongweol-Eup, Gangweon-Do. The results are as follows; 1. Kaolinite and Al-interlayered vermiculite were the main clay minerals and other minerals were illite, vermiculite, and chlorite. 2. CEC of topsoil ranged from 10.5 to 22.9me/100g and that of sub-soil ranged from 10.0 to 23.8me/100g. CEC seemed to be increased with descending from topograpical position and had slightly significant positive correlation. 3. Lithologic changes as a runction of soil depth showed smooth change for Pyeongchang, discontinuity for Anmi, unpredictability for Yulgog, and uniformity for Mungyeong series. 4. According to the new system of soil taxanomy Pyeongchang series was classified as Typic Hapludalfs, Anmi as Fluventic Eutrochrepts, Yulgog as Fluvaquentic Eutrochrepts, and Mungyeong as Aeric Haplaquepts.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

The metamorphic environments occrrred in the Sadong and the Gobangsan formations were studied through the investigation of chloritoid and white mica in shales at Munkyung area. Two types of white mica occurs in the shale of Sadong formation; muscovite-dominant ($Mu_{76.1}Pa_{18.1}Ma_{5.8}$) and margarite-dominant ($Ma_{52.9}Mu_{31.6}Pa_{15.5}$). It is inferred that the muscovite-dominant white mica is generated by the diagenesis of Na-rich illite whereas the margarite-dominant white mica is generated by reactions between calcite and pyrophyllite separated from illite. In shales of the Gobangsan formation, chloritoids are observed with muscovite, pyrophyllite and chlorite. The chloritoids of the Gobangsan formation are considered to be originated from the reaction between pyrophyllite and chlorite. The Sadong and Gobangsan formations would have experienced the low-temperature metamorphism (anchizone) considering that white mica in general forms above the temperature of $200^{\circ}C$ and the assemblage of chloritoid-pyrophyllite-chlorite is stabilized below $280^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.54-63
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• 2007

The sedimentary sequence of the non-marine Cretaceous Jinju Formation from Sacheon, Korea, contains a number of rod-shaped stromatolites (RSS) characterized by concentric lamination with curd-shaped, stratiform, and small columnar stromatolites. Unlike the world trend, a massive distribution of rod-shaped stomatolite was discovered in the region. The mineral composition, diagenetic alteration, and weathering process of the kind were analyzed by EPMA. The gross morphology of RSS is almost identical to broken plant twigs or stems formed by microbial activity onto which it grew. RSSs are interpreted as stromatolitic algae over plant twigs, which formed through concentric carbonate precipitation by epiphytic algal photosynthesis. The distribution of localities and horizons of the stromatolite imply that RSS is allochthonous and autochthonous. Two types of cyanobacterial filaments and one type of peen algal filament were discovered. The size frequency distribution of calcified filamentous microfossils found in stromatolite was $2.2{\mu}m\;and\;7.8{\mu}m$ in mean diameter of the former, $32.3{\mu}m$ in mean diameter of the latter. The cyanobacterial fossils played a key role in the formation of stromatolite, while the green algal filament was auxiliary stromatolite-builder stromatolites. The filamentous microfossils including trichome were found within the stromatolitic laminae.