• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2000

이 연구에서는 대동층군 탄질 점판암내에 산출하는 탄질물의 미세구조를 고분해능 투과전자현미경(HRTEM)을 이용하여 조사하였다. 관찰된 탄질물은 구조가 부분적으로 흑연화된 흑연화과정의 초기단계 물질로서$ 100\AA$ 이하의 매우 얇은 크기로 일라이트 결정들의 경계면 사이나 일라이트 결정내에 협재되어 나타난다. 탄질물의 층상구조는 휘어있거나 불연속적이며, 부분적으로 원형조직을 보이는 "지문" 조직을 이루고 있다. 이러한 특징은 많은 결함구조를 가지고 구조적으로 충분히 흑연화되지 않은 물질에서 볼 수 있는 전형적인 구조다. 미세한 규모로 협재된 조직을 보이는 탄질물은 퇴적물의 속성작용과 저변성작용시 일라이트가 성장하는 동안에 포획되었거나, 또는 일라이트 이전의 점토광물내에 흡착되었던 물질들로부터 유래된 것으로 보인다. 이처럼 탄질물과 일라이트가 미세한 규모로 협재되어 산출하는 특징은 저변성암에서 일어나는 흑연화작용시 복잡한 미세구조의 변화가 수반되었음을 지시한다. 다양한 미세구조를 보여주는 흑연질 물질의 산출은 탄질물이 고온에서 균질한 흑연으로 생성되기까지 불연속적인 단계를 거쳐 반응할 가능성을 지시한다. 끝으로, 이 연구는 이온 빔을 이용하여 제작한 시료를 관찰함으로써 암석내에 함유된 탄질물들의 조직을 훼손하지 않고 관찰할 수 있음을 보여준다.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.119-129
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• 1987

Sediments in the cores from the KONOD-1 area consist mainly of authigenic smectite and clinoptilolite, and terrigenous minerals of illite, chlorite, kaolinite, quartz, and plagioclase. The authigenic minerals become dominant over the terrigenous minerals with increasing depth. Clinoptilolite occurs at the deeper core depth because its formation is slower than that of smectite. The vertical distribution of minerals indicates that the eolian influence, probably in the late Oligocene, diluted the abundance if smectite in near-surface sediments. This vertical distribution pattern may also have been affected by progressive dissolution of authigenic minerals in the near surface sediments.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.82-92
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• 1996

The coarse-grained (0.05∼0.2mm) zeolites occur as the single-crystal cement in the sandstones of the Chunbuk Formation in the Pohang area. The zeolite cements unusually consist of the composite phases of heulandite and clinoptilolite and in a crystal. The zeolite crystals show chemical zoning ranging from 3.56 to 4.10 in Si/(Al+Fe), and tend to become continuously more silicic and alkalic from the margin toward inside of the crystal. The DTA and high-temperature XRD analyses also show complex patterns of both zeolites. Such a composite crystal showing chemical zoning and complex thermo-chemical behaviors indicates that heulandite and clinoptilolite are constituting a solid solution resulted from the coupled substitution of K+Si4+=Ca2+Al3+.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.85-100
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• 2010

Devonian Cairn Formation is one of the important hydrocarbon reservoirs in Alberta, Canada. However, the Cairn Formation, outcropped in the study area, is not prospective reservoir with poor porosity and permeability by some late diagenetic processes. In this study, geochemical characteristics of the Cairn Formation were studied to use these preliminary results for advanced geological and geophysical petroleum explorations in the near future. Rock-Eval pyrolysis showed that total organic carbon content is less than 0.3 wt.%, indicating a minor amount of bitumen and/or other hydrocarbons. The carbonates in the Cairn Formation are mainly composed of subhedral and anhedral dolomites. Pore sizes in the carbonate are various, ranging from nanometer to micrometer. Clastic sediments increase in the upper and lower parts of the Cairn Formation, probably due to changing its depositional conditions. The Cairn Formation can also be divided into several intervals based on Ca/Mg ratio in dolomite and degree of amount of calcite. These could be formed by different sedimentary environment, degree of cementation and recrystallization, different saline/fresh water, etc.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.87-99
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• 2013

The occurrence, mineralogical characteristics, and origin of the dolomite ores were investigated from major dolomite mines in South Korea. Mineralogical and textural properties of the ores and associated minerals were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, thin section petrography, and scanning electron microscopy. Dolomite ores were light to dark gray in color and mainly composed of dolomite in varying particle size with minor amounts of calcite, quartz and micas. Calcite, quartz, illite, feldspar, kaolin minerals, and chlorite occurred in local veins, dikes and alteration zones. Sepiolite and wollastonite occurred in the altered part of some mine. Asbestos minerals such as chrysotile and tremolite, however, were not identified in the present study. Reddish brown to yellow clay materials were mainly composed of illite, occasionally associated with kaolin minerals and smectite. These clay minerals might be a product of the local hydrothermal alteration related to the dyke intrusion and subsequent weathering. As well indicated in the previous studies, mineral composition, texture, and occurrence of the dolostone beds suggest their formation through the diagenesis of carbonate sediments deposited in the shallow sea during the Precambrian to Paleozoic period.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.319-322
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• 2012

초기 기술개발주체는 일원적인 기술진보 방향을 따랐으나 R&D 패러다임이 변화함에 따라 고객요구의 중요성을 인식하게 된다. 하지만 3세대 R&D와 같이 고객수요에만 중심을 둘 경우 기술혁신을 꾀하기 힘들어, 현재 보유한 기술개발역량 분석을 바탕으로 시장요구를 이해하고 다른 기술개발주체와 협력할 수 있는 기술투자전략이 요구된다. 광물자원, 에너지자원 기술과 같이 산업경제 및 국민 삶과 직결된, 경제사회 문제해결형 자원기술 개발의 중요성과 필요성은 증대하지만 공적 목표와 기술목표를 결합하는 것이 쉽지 않아 이를 해결할 수 있는 방법론 제시가 필요하다. 즉 효과적인 기술개발 우선순위 및 기술개발 투자전략을 수립하기 위해 기술개발역량 분석뿐만 아니라 정확한 고객수요 분석이 필수적임을 시사한다. 따라서 고객요구 속성을 고려한 사회적 기대 도출방법을 활용하여 3단계 수준의 자원기술 수요를 도출하였으며 수요의 변동성을 고려하여 3년후/5년후의 수요중요도를 측정하였다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 1986

To clarify the soil characteristics and genesis of the clayey terrace soils in Yeongnam area, the study were carried out with 9 typifying pedons of toposequential terrace soils in Yeongcheon (inland area) and Yeongil (coastal area) region. The results of soil genesis oriented investigations on soil mineralogical compositions and weathering characteristics were summarized as follows; 1. The contents of heavy minerals contained in sand fraction of the terrace soils were less than 5%, but the content in soil layers considered to be originated from other than terrace deposits had 9.8-16.2%. The content of feldspars in light minerals were higher in Yeongcheon sequence while the Yeongil sequence were characterized by having higher content in quartz. The ratios of quartz/feldspars in the soil layers where expecting lithological discontinuity, were different from that of terrace deposits. 2. The resistate index of maturity ranged around 76.7-29.9 in Yeongcheon area and around 85.6-67.2 in Yeongil area. The indices increased with the elevations of terraces. 3. The molar ratios of $SiO_2/Al_2O_3$ in clay fraction were around 1.93-2.65. The parent materials of the terrace deposits judged by the ratios of $Al_2O_3/TiO_2$ and $Fe_2O_3/Al_2O_3$ were considered to be the felsic materials. 4. The compositions of clay minerals detected by X-ray diffractogram and D.T.A. thermogram were dominated by kaolin and illite with subsidiary minerals of vermiculite, quartz, vermiculite intergrading to illite etc. It was distinguished from terrace deposits that by having higher amount of kaolin and montmorin minerals in the substrata of Bancheon soils in Yeongcheon area and Upyeong soils in Yeongil area, respectively.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.4 s.50
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• pp.221-229
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• 2006

Mineralogical and chemical examinations were performed on interstratified illite-smectite (I-S) minerals that occur in the mudstones from a petroleum exploration well in the Tertiary marine basin, Japan. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that component layers of illite in the interstratified I-S increase with increasing burial depth while those of smectie decrease. In addition, the randomly (R=0) interstratified illite-smectite is changed into Rp1 ordered I-S at a depth of about 4,000 m, which corresponds to the result of organic analysis and indicates a burial temperature of about $100^{\circ}C$. However, the present geothermal gradient shows that the conversion of the random I-S to R=0 ordered I-S is likely to occur at 3,000 m. This discrepancy may be interpreted by the reverse fault at 2,500 m which resulted in a deeper burial of sediments up to 1,000 m. Chemical analysis also shows the compositional variation in I-S with increasing depth: a decrease in Si and an increases in Al and K, indicating that the substitution of Al for Si in tetrahedral sheets is compensated by the addition of K to interlayers. K may be derived from K-feldspar and micas, which is present in the mudstones.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.409-421
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• 2022

Achieving a highly resolved spatial distribution of Mn-bearing minerals and elements in the natural ferromanganese nodules can provide detailed knowledge of the temporal variations of geochemical conditions affecting the formation processes of nodules. While a recent study utilizing Raman spectroscopy has reported the changes in the manganate mineral phases with growth for spherical nodules from the Arctic Sea, the distributions of minerals and elements in the nodules from the shallow Arctic Sea with non-spherical forms have not yet fully elucidated. Here, we reported the micro-laser Raman spectra with varying data acquisition points along three different profiles from the center to the outermost rim of the non-spherical ferromanganese nodules collected from the East Siberian Sea (~73 m). The elemental distributions in the nodule (such as Mn, Fe, etc.) were also investigated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis to observe the internal structure and mineralogical details. Based on the microscopic observation, the internal structures of a non-spherical nodule can be divided into three different regions, which are sediment-rich core, iron-rich substrate, and Mn-Fe layers. The Raman results show that the Mn-bearing mineral phases vary with the data acquisition points in the Mn-Fe layer, suggesting the changes in the geochemical conditions during nodule formation. In addition, we also observe that the mineral composition and structural characteristics depend on the profile direction from the core to the rim. Particularly, the Raman spectra obtained along one profile show the lack of Fe-(oxy)hydroxides and the noticeably high crystallinity of Mn-bearing minerals such as birnessite and todorokite. On the other hand, the spectra obtained along the other two profiles present the presence of significant amount of amorphous or poorly-ordered Fe-bearing minerals and the low crystallinity of Mn-bearing minerals. These results suggest that the diagenetic conditions varied with the different growth directions. We also observed the presence of halite in several layers in the nodule, which can be evidence of the alteration of seawater after nodule formation. The current results can provide the opportunity to obtain detailed knowledge of the formation process and geochemical environments recorded in the natural non-spherical ferromanganese nodule.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.10-23
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• 1994

패류화석은 지구를 이루는 퇴적암 중 석회암을 이루고 있는 주요 구성원 중의 하나이다. 지난 20년간 지질학자 및 해양학자들은 주로 심해에 쌓여 있는 퇴적물 중의 미화석(microfossil)을 이용하여 과거의 기후 및 해양의조건을 규명하기 위하여 많은 노력을 하여왔다. 그 결과로서 지질학적 시대 중 중생대 이후로부터 신생대에 이르기까지 지구 전반에 영향을 주었던 고기후에 대한 많은 정보가 얻어졌다. 또한 일부 학자들에 의하여 천해에 서식하였던 여러 화석들의 생태와 지화학적 분석(geochemical analysis)을 통하여 지엽적인 고기후(paleoclimate) 및 고해양학적(paleoceanographic)이해도 증진되어 온 것이 사실이다. 천해에 서식하고 있는 석회질 골격(calcareous skeleton)을 만드는 생물종들은 주로 생화확적인 작용을 통하여 아라고나이트와 방해석이라는 탄산염 광물을 침전시킨다. 특히 이 중에서 아라고나이트라는 광물은 불안정하여 속성작용 (퇴적물이 쌓인 후 거치는 물리, 화학적 작용)동안에 방해석으로 변하게 된다. 따라서 특이한 속성환경의 조건에 의해 아라고나이트로 보존되어 있는 패류를 제외하고는 주로 방해석으로 이루어진 화석의 분석을 통하여 고환경 복원을 위한 여러 정보를 얻을 수 있다. 이를 근거로 하여 분석 대상이 주로 된 것은 완족류나 방해석으로 이루어진 이매패류(e.g., 굴등)이었다.우리나라에서는 최근에 이르러서야 패류 화석의 지화학적 분석을 통하여 고해양학적 연구가 수행되기 시작하였다. 신생대 제 3기 마이오세에 해당하는 포항 부근에서 발견되는 연체동물 화석들은 변질이 안된 상태로서 우리에게 매우 귀중한 고해양학적 정보를 제공한다. 과거에 생물이 자랐던 성장 온도는 산소 동위원소의 비를 측정하여 구할 수 있는데 그결과에 의하면 해수의 온도가 현재보다 약간 높았음을 지시한다. 제주도 내의 서귀포 부근에서는 현재 천연기념물로 지정되어 있는 서귀포층내에서 많은 화석들이 산출되고 있다. 이 시대는 빙하기와 간빙기가 교호하던 시대로서, 분석 결과에 의하면 서귀포층이 쌓일 당시에 우리 나라는 빙하기의 영향을 받았던 것으로 생각된다.