• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.721-739
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• 2015

The importance of the old age income security will increase for an aging society due to the deepening income polarization. The National Pension(NP) is a representative Social Security scheme in charge of old age income security as well as income redistribution for the insured. Studies by Kim (2002), Kim et al. (2003), and Hong (2013) have reported the possibility of unsatisfactory income redistribution of the NP. Recently Choi (2015) attributed those results to an unnoticed defect in the benefit formula. This study is a test for the unsatisfactory income redistribution of the current National Pension using early participants who have now become pensioners. The method aggregates cohorts and combines individual history data before the year 2013 and the results of the actuarial projection model of the 2013 after the year 2014. The results are divided by measures taken. The redistribution is obviously progressive by the income replacement rate; however, it is significantly regressive when measured by the net benefit theoretically as more plausible. Considering the effect of differing lifetime contribution year among income classes, the regressive redistribution will prevail more in the future pensioners.

• 한국사회정책
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.3-35
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• 2018

This article critically reviews the arguments that deny the financial feasbility and effectiveness of universal basic income as an alternative to existing social security systems and makes some suggestions to design effective and efficient basic income schemes. Regarding the financial feasibility of universal basic income, I argue that replacement of the existing regressive tax expenditures with universal basic income without raising tax rates can effectively reduce tax burden or provide income support to a majority of people except the rich. Addition of basic income to the tax base and reduction of the number of beneficiaries of public assistance and the amount of cash payment for them can further help save money. Regarding the redistributive effect, I note that the targeting ability of the existing social security systems is not good and that "the paradox of redistribution" that universal-type programs tend to be more redistributive than selective programs applies to universal basic income as well. I demonstrate significant redistributive effect of a hypothetical revenue-neutral basic income scheme and reviews several empirical studies done in Korea and abroad to show that basic income can be more effective in redistribution than social insurances or public assistance programs. Lastly, I emphasize the need to construct a reliable tax-benefit microsimulation model to help researchers to study redistributive effects of basic income schemes and other taxes and social policies.

• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.119-141
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• 1998

The main contents of WTO agricultural product agreement are composed of $\circled1$ market access $\circled2$ domestic subsidy and reduction of export subsidy $\circled3$ preferences for developing countries. But there still remains the possibility of laying a protection barrier within WTO regulations. That is to say, with the application of quota system, tariff rate quota system, or different quotas on different countries, and with the practices of government control trade and mark up. This paper is for studying the application of these protection barriers to minimize the impact of agricultural market opening.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.23 no.5 s.83
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• pp.7-14
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• 2005

Traffic congestion causes enormous social costs as well as loss of travel time and waste of energy. Though the Seoul metropolitan government implemented various forms of transportation policies such as urban road pricing and public transportation reform, traffic volume which across the Seoul metropolitan borders have greatly increased because of housing land development in suburban area. The purpose of this study is to estimate individual's willingness-to-pay(WTP) for extensive implementation of congestion pricing through policy-mix with bus rapid transit(BRT) system. So the field survey interviews carried out. The empirical analysis was done with priority given to the following two topics; derivation of individual WTP and prior evaluation of policy effect from the equity aspect. To estimate individual WTP, we adopted contingent valuation method (CVM). The former is to estimate individual WTP for respondent's maintaining his/her transit pattern when he/she is faced with congestion pricing by using compensating variation(CV) concept. And, the latter aims at evaluating policy effect from the equity aspect by calculating the Proportion of WTP to average income using WTP in income bracket for policy scenarios.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.9-17
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• 2016

This study is to analyze korea credit card market and the China credit card market, and predict future economic activity by developing the Algorithm for future economic trend Estimation As a results, there is no significant correlation between personal income growth and the credit card usage amount, and significant correlation between the credit card per capita and the credit card usage amount, in korea. there is significant correlation between personal income growth and the credit card usage amount, and between the credit card per capita and the credit card usage amount in china. it could be predicted that the china credit card market would be increased and the rate of increase would be gradually increased over the next five years, under the condition without constraints in the external environment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.33-43
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• 2010

The objective of this paper is to analyze expenditure structures and impact factors of household's transportation cost in order to provide policy-maker with quantitative and economic information for reducing household's transportation costs, using 1995-2007 household survey data. For this purpose, this study performed various economic analysis, including econometric regression analysis and income re-distributional effects. The four models were separately estimated with dependent variable (personal and public costs, public transit and private car costs) and independent variables (family, employ, age, education, cars, household income, region dummy variable). In addition, We analyzes impacts of transport policy instruments on the transportation expenditure. These instruments include changes of oil price and public transit fare, reform of public transport system, and extension of subway facilities. Finally, income re-distributional effects before and after transportation expenditure, using Pechman-Okner (PO) index and Wolfson index.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technology Innovation Society Conference
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.425-463
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 3단계에 걸쳐 투자하고 있는 초고속 국가망사업에 대해서 과연 사회적으로 경제성을 갖고 있는지 여부를 분석해 보았다. 이를 위하여 첫째, 산업연관모형을 이용하여 초고속 국가망 사업에 투입한 투자액이 유발시킨 부가가치 창출효과와 고용창출효과를 계산하였다. 다음으로 초고속 국가망 사업으로부터 파생되는 초고속 국가망의 기본서비스 수요를 예측하는 방법론을 제시하였다. 셋째, 초고속 국가망으로부터 파생되는 기본서비스 수요 창출로 인하여 향후 2010년까지 얼마만큼의 새로운 부가가치가 창출되고, 새로운 고용이 얼마만큼 창출되는지 여부를 산업연관모형을 통하여 분석하였다. 마지막으로 초고속 국가망 사업에 투자한 총금액에 대비하여 이를 통하여 얻어지는 부가가치창출효과, 고용창출효과 및 수요창출효과 등을 감안하여 과연 초고속 국가망 사업이 얼마만큼 사회적으로 경제성을 지니고 있는지를 계산해 보고자 하였다. 초고속 국가망 사업을 통한 직접적인 유발효과와 부가적인 효과를 모두를 고려하였을 때 예상되는 순수익의 투자수익율은 5439.2%로서 투자액의 54배의 사회적 수익성을 창출한다고 본다. 다음으로 부가가치유발액, 매출이익에 새로운 고용유발로 인한 소득증가분을 감안하여 사회적 수익을 계산하고, 이에 근거하여 경제성 분석을 하면 21,493.3.%와 같이 215배의 사회적 수익성이 창출된다고 계산되어진다. 따라서 간단하게 이익률법에 근거한 초고속국가망 사업에 대한 사회적 편익과 비용에 근거한 경제성 분석을 하면 초고속 국가망 사업은 투자액의 무려 215배의 사회적 편익을 제공하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.195-202
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• 2016

The government has run and managed various forms of direct payment systems, such as the paddy and field direct payment, to ease the instability of farm incomes with respect to market opening, and preserve farm income. Direct payments to the agricultural sector is a center in the key policy instrument that plays an important role in income stabilization. Despite the large amount of spending in the farm unit, the status of direct payment, and policy effects the analysis of direct payments, such as stability of income contribution, are insufficient. This paper, using the farm unit DB in 2014 and 2015, performed farm level analysis of direct payment, and derived the implications of the performance evaluation system. As a result, the distribution of direct payment showed considerable bias to the left side compared to the normal distribution curve. Approximately half of the farms (49.3%) in 2014 DB should receive below 100,000 won per year by a direct payment. A larger-scale farm showed a significantly increased income effect and income stabilizing effect because direct payments make higher contributions to farm income in proportional to the area. In the more elderly farmers, a high contribution by direct payment to farm income was found to be an advantage; however, in small-scale farms of less than 0.5ha, direct payment contribution on farm household income was only 3%. In large-scale farms, 10ha or more, the contribution to farm income were found to be 29.4%. The income of large farms was 10 times larger than small farmers, and the direct payment entitlements that were received were 110 times larger. Through this policy, direct payments are required for future improvements and modifications.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.2038-2045
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• 2010

Households' monthly average income is composed of various factors. This study paper studies focuses on estimating the determinants of a households' monthly average income. The region for analysis consist of three groups, that is, the whole country, a metropolitan city(such as Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Gwangiu, Daejeon, Ulsan.) and Seoul. Analyzing period be formed over a 57 time points(2005. 01~2009. 09). In this paper the dependent variable setting up the households' monthly average income, explanatory (independent) variables are composed of the consumer price index, employment to population ratio, Index of housing sale price, the preceding composite index, loans of housing mortgage, spending rate for care medical expense and the composite stock price index. In looking at the factors which determine the monthly average income, evidence was produced supporting the hypothesis that there is a significant positive relationship between the composite index and housing loans. The study also produced evidence supporting the view that there is a significant negative relationship between employment ratios, the house sale pricing index and spending rates for care or medical needs. The study found that the consumer price index and composite stock price index were not significant variables. The implications of these findings are discussed for further research.

• Journal of Teachers' Pension
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• v.1
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• pp.13-45
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• 2016

2015년말 사학연금제도의 법 개정이 이루어졌다. 그동안의 연금개혁이 주로 연금보험료 인상으로 이루어졌다면 이번 연금개혁은 연금지급률, 연금보험료률, 연금수급개시연령, 연금수급자에 대한 연금액 동결 등 다각적으로 이루어졌다. 국민연금과 동일한 수준의 가입자 내 소득재분배가 이루어졌다는 점도 특이하다. 본 논문은 사학연금법 개정의 재정효과와 후생효과를 분석하여 사학연금제도 개혁의 의미를 평가하고 정책과제를 도출하고 있다. 사학연금은 특수직역연금 중 유일하게 연기금이 아직 존재하는 제도로서 이번 연금개혁으로 국민연금에 가까운 재정안정화 효과를 거두었다는 점에서 큰 의의가 있다. 소득대체율과 연금수익비 등 후생적 측면에서의 후퇴에도 불구하고 제도의 안정성이 높아졌다는 점에서 의의가 크다. 이번 연금개혁으로 사학연금은 상당부분 국민연금제도와 유사하게 변동하였다는 점에서 국민연금과의 형평성도 제고되었다고 볼 수 있다. 2009년 연금개혁의 미비점을 보완하고 보다 완성도가 높은 개혁이 이루졌다고 볼 수 있다. 향후 국민연금제도의 재정안정화 추이에 맞추어 사학연금제도가 함께 부응해 나간다면 사학연금은 보다 재정적으로도 건전한 제도로 자리잡을 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.