• Monthly Korean Chicken
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.116-120
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• 2014

• Monthly Duck's Village
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• s.177
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• pp.28-31
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• 2018

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.117-117
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• 2019

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.52 no.11
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• pp.175-179
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• 2020

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.132-132
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• 2022

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.334-338
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• 2007

The disinfection effects of trichloroisocyanuric acid (TICA), calcium hypochlorite (CH), and Bromochlorodimethylhydantoin (BCDMH) on various bacteria in aqueous suspension were comparatively characterized at various concentrations and exposure times of each disinfectant. When various bacteria cells ($10^8\;CFU/ml$) including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Legionella pneumophila, and Staphylococcus aureus were exposed with a solution containing 8 ppm each of TICA, a 99% of the initial cells were killed in 60 sec, 368 sec, 372 sec, 506 sec, 812 sec, and 909 sec, respectively. In addition, the minimum exposure time required to kill 99% of E. coli ($10^8\;CFU/ml$) with 8 ppm of each TICA, BCDMH and CH was measured at 60 sec, 114 sec, and 7,100 sec, respectively. These comparative studies demonstrate that disinfection efficacy is highly variable depending on microbial species as well as disinfectant type, concentration, and exposure time.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.81-87
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• 2006

The industrial systems contain many sites and components susceptible to biofilms formation. Biofilms play an important role in microbial growth and industrial fouling. Thus, the control of the biofilms in industrial systems has been emphasized, however, the efficient controlling method was not provided yet. Since silver compounds have no residual and corrosion problem, the interest for silver compounds as a biofilm control disinfectant has been increased. In this study, we attempted to examine the disinfection ability of silver compounds. The disinfection efficiency of two silver compounds(silver ion and silver oxide) were evaluated for biofilms in comparison with suspended cells using well known indicator microorganisms(E. coli, P. aeruginosa) and compared with that of chlorine. Silver compounds were found to be effective in inactivating E. coli and P. aeruginosa biofilms. The reason for superiority of silver compounds as biofilm disinfectant was suggested by that silver can penetrate into the inner biofilm matrix faster than chlorine without consumption. This study reports that the disinfectant which is highly effective in inactivating the suspended cells in water becomes the less effective for controlling biofilm because of its high reactivity. This results imply that the effective strategy for biofilm control can be achieved by considering thoroughly the chemical nature of disinfects and biofilm structure and the reactivity between them.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.10
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• pp.1337-1342
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate effects of chemical sanitizers on inhibiting foodborne pathogens, such as Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), and E scherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7), on cabbages. Cabbages were inoculated with the culture cocktail of pathogens and treated with water, 100 ppm commercial chlorine, and 50, 100, and 200 ppm chlorine dioxide ($ClO_2$) for 1, 5, and 10 min at room temperature ($22{\pm}2^{\circ}C$). Treatments with water did not significantly reduce levels of three pathogens whereas other treatments with chemical sanitizers significantly reduced levels of three pathogens. Treatment with 200 ppm $ClO_2$ for 10 min was the most effective at inhibiting pathogens and reduction levels were 1.90, 1.92, and 1.98 log CFU/g for L. monocytogens, S. Typhimurium, and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. Levels of reduction were increased with the increase of $ClO_2$ concentrations. When chemically injured cells were investigated, there were no significant differences on the levels of injured cells between before and after treatment with commercial chlorine and $ClO_2$. These results suggest that $ClO_2$ can be used as an alternative sanitizer for reducing pathogens on fresh produces.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.173-183
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• 2016

Fungi are a major cause of cultural and biological degradation in museum storages and archives libraries. In addition, fungi produce toxins and can cause skin allergies. In particular, fungi coming into contact with the skin through the hands of administrators dealing with cultural properties, archives, and books can lead to secondary infections. To prevent this, applying hand sanitizer, which is readily available in the market, is recommended. However, such hand sanitizer can effectively disinfect against bacteria but not fungi. As such, researching for an alternative is required. In this study, we developed a hand sanitizer composed of active ingredients - geranial, cineol, menthol, and Chamaecyparis obtusa - and performed a disinfection test, which targets 10 kinds of species (Alternaria citrimacularis, Alternaria consortialis, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus versicolor, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Coniothyrium aleurites, Penicillium brevicompactum, Penicillium corylophilum, Penicillium paneum, and Penicillium polonicum), of fungi investigated in museums and libraries. It was then confirmed to exhibit excellent disinfecting effects. Thus, this hand sanitizer is expected to prevent skin diseases and secondary infections in administrators dealing with cultural properties, archives, and books.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2023

Skin sanitizers are effective in killing or removing pathogenic microbial contaminants from the skin of food handlers, and the progressive growth of consumer interest in personal hygiene tends to drive product diversification. This review covers the advances in the application of efficacy tests for hand sanitizers to suggest future perspectives to establish an assessment system that is optimized to each product type (gel, liquid, and wipes). Previous research on the in vivo simulative test of actual consumer use has adopted diverse experimental conditions regardless of the product type. This highlights the importance of establishing optimal test protocols specialized for the compositional characteristics of sanitizers through the comparative analysis of test methods. Although the operational conditions of the mechanical actions associated with wiping can affect the efficacy of the removal and/or the inactivation of target microorganisms from the skin's surface, currently there is a lack of standardized use patterns for the exposure of hand sanitizing wipes to skin. Thus, major determinants affecting the results from each step of the overall assessment procedures [pre-treatment - exposure of sanitizers - microbial recovery] should be identified to modify current protocols and develop novel test methods. The ex vivo test, designed to overcome the limited reproducibility of in vivo human trials, is also expected to replicate the environment for the contact of sanitizers targeting skin microorganisms. Recent progress in the area of skin microbiome research revealed distinct microbial characteristics and distribution patterns after the application of sanitizers on hands to establish the test methods with the perspectives on the antimicrobial effects at the community level. The future perspectives presented in this study on the improvement of efficacy test methods for hand sanitizers can also contribute to public health and food safety through the commercialization of effective sanitizer products.