• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.893-902
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to survey structures and growth conditions of Pinus densiflora village groves, and to establish management strategies for their desirable growth and conservation. Twelve village groves were selected in western Gangwon province for the study. The age of the study groves ranged from 50 to 200 years. Average dbh (diameter at breast height) and density of trees for each study grove were 27~52cm and 0.5~9.3 trees/$100m^2$, respectively. Soil environments were favorable to Pinus densiflora growth in the majority of the study groves, but 2 study groves with sandy soils showed considerably poor nutrient contents. Low tree vitality was found in some of the study groves due to poor conditions of root growth from soil fill and trampling. There were detachment of cambial tissue and damage of stem cavity at 6 study groves, which were caused by artificial injury, careless pruning, and frost damage. Light disease damage by Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii and phomopsis blight were found at 6 study groves. Light pest damage by Thecodiplosis japonensis was also found at 6 study groves, but the pest damage at 2 study groves was relatively considerable. Thus, major factors limiting normal growth of Pinus densiflora village groves were infertility, soil fill and trampling, stem damage, and disease and pest. Desirable management strategies were explored to solve growth-related problems and to conserve the study groves. The management strategies included fertilization of organic matter and lime, removal of soil fill, soil plowing and graveling, wood-trail installation or woodchip mulching, supply of wood fences and protective frames, surgical operation for damaged stems, vitality enhancement, and trunk injection to improve growth environments or control stem damage and disease/pest.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.492-497
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• 1994

Extracts of 43 species of plants were tested for their insecticidal and acaricidal activities against six species of insect pests and one mite species. The methanol extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves selectively was found to have potent insecticidal activity against Nilaparvata lugens (Stal), whereas steam distillate of Thujopsis dolabarata var. hondai sawdust showed potent insecticidal activities with a broad spectrum. The methanol extract of Pinus densiflora leaves and steam distillate of T. dolabrata var. hondai sawdust exhibited potent activities against Tetranychus urticae (Koch).

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.345-354
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• 2017

The leaves of two woody plant species, Pinus densiflora and Aronia melanocarpa, were collected in Korea, and endophytic fungi were isolated from these surface-sterilized leaves. The fungal isolates were identified based on their morphological characteristics and the results of the phylogenetic analysis involving nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), including 5.8S rDNA, D1/D2 regions of 28S rDNA, and ${\beta}-tubulin$ genes. Pestalotia lawsoniae and Zasmidium fructicola were isolated from Pinus densiflora, and three species, Pestalotiopsis chamaeropis, Pestalotiopsis jesteri, and Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum were isolated from Aronia melanocarpa. To the best of our knowledge, these species have not been previously reported in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.2
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• pp.249-254
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• 1999

The effects of various levels of Al concentration on growth, nutrient status and net photosynthetic rate of 2-year-old Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. seedlings grown in a nutrient culture solution were investigated. Al concentrations were added as aluminum chloride($AlCl_3$) at 0(control), 10, 30 and 60ppm to the nutrient culture solution. The nutrient culture solution was maintained at pH 4.0 by adding HCl or NaOH solution. The seedlings were transplanted into the nutrient culture solution and grown in a greenhouse for 90 days from May 8 to August 6, 1996. The treatment above 10ppm of Al concentrations induced a significant reduction on the dry weight growth of the seedlings. The relative growth rate(RGR), net assimilation rate(NAR) and net photosynthetic rate of the seedlings were reduced with increasing of Al concentrations in the nutrient culture solutions. This result suggests that reductions in the RGR and NAR of the seedlings were mainly due to the inhibition of net photosynthesis. In addition, the increase of Al concentrations in a nutrient culture solution decreased the concentration of essential mineral elements such as Ca and Mg in the needle of the seedlings. However, the concentrations of Al of each plant organ increased in the treatment above 10ppm of Al concentrations in the nutrient culture solutions. This result suggests that the increased Al concentration in the belowground part resulted from the decreased concentration of essential mineral elements in the aboveground part of the seedlings.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

The scientific verification of the physiological and psychological effects that result from interaction with green plants would not only provide objective knowledge on the psychological effect of green but would also establish useful grounds for the creation of green spaces that consider human emotions. The present study measured the cerebral activity(cerebral blood flow) and the autonomic nervous system activity (blood pressure, pulse rate, amylase) of fifteen Korean male subjects as they inhaled the natural scent diffused by pine needles. Impression and mood state evaluations of the reactions to the pine scent were carried out using the SD method and POMS. Cerebral activity was observed to be significantly activated in the feeling, judgment, and motor areas of the frontal lobe, as well as the memory area in the temporal lobe. Verbal evaluations by the SD method and POMS indicated a pine scent left natural but stimulated and active impressions, provided vigor, and also reduced confusion. The autonomic nervous system activities, however, showed no significant differences. These findings verified scientifically that a pine scent vitalizes humans both physiologically and psychologically. These results could be useful as fundamental data for the design of green spaces that consider human emotional aspects.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.800-805
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• 1993

An analytical method has been developed to determine trace elements in biological samples. The biological samples are added to a laboratory-bulit Teflon bomb together with nitric acid-hydrogen peroxide mixture and enriched stable isotopes. The samples are decomposed in a microwave oven. The decomposed sample solutions are analyzed by isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The analytical results of the biological samples agree well with the reference values.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was carried out in order to estimate atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations and sources using pine needles as a passive air sampler (PAS) in urban (Pyeongtaek), semirural (Anseong) and rural (Jincheon) sites. Methods: One-year-old pine needles were collected for analysis of their PAH concentrations ($C_{p,n}g/g$ dry) at the end of December. PAHs concentrations in the ambient air ($C_a$, $ng/m^3$) were calculated with a $Log(C_p/C_a)-LogK_{oa}$ correlational equation. Results: PAHs concentrations in ambient air ($C_a$) were high, in the order of urban ($114.03ng/m^3$), semirural ($105.17ng/m^3$) and rural ($61.91ng/m^3$) sites. However, distributions of PAH isomer concentrations were very similar. PAHs of which molecular weight is smaller than 228.30 (AcPy, Acp, Flu, Phen, Ant, Flt, Pyr, BaA, Chry) made up most of the PAHs in the ambient air (96.6-98.5%). Conclusion: At urban, semirural and rural sites, it was concluded that the main source of PAHs in the ambient air ratio of each PAH isomer concentration was cars, especially diesel vehicles.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.315-321
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• 1997

Peroxidase activities and isozyme patte군 of the pine needles (Pinus densiflora) were examined and compared in the coastal regions of Anmyum-Do(Choongnam, Taean-Gun) and inland regions of Shinchang-Myun(Choongnam, Asan-City). The pine needle peroxidase from Anmyum-Do showed approximately three times higher specfic activity than Shinchang pine needle peroxidase. The pine needle extracts of Anmyun-Do and Shinchang contained three anionic isoperoxidases, named A1, A2 and A3, when subjected to starch gel electrophoresis at pH 7.0. Cjationic isoperoxidases could not be found in both extracts., However, there existed unique isoperoxidase An only from the extracts of Anmyun-Do pine needles under the salinary environment. Moreover, the specific activities of catalase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Anmyun-Do, known for the inducible enzymes under the stress condition, were about 1.8 times higher than those of Shinchang pine needles. However, the specific activities of other enzymes did not show great differences between the two regions. Considering the above results of the higher specific activity of peroxidase and the unique expression of isoperoxidase An, pine needle peroxidase might involve in the defence mechanism against the salinary stress of Anmyun-Do.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.251-259
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• 2009

This study was conducted to measure the concentration of PCBs in pine needles and soil in urban (Seoul, many artificial sources of PCBs), semi-rural (Anseong, small town located below Seoul in wind direction) and rural areas (Jincheon, rarely artificial sources of PCBs) in which the artificial production amount of PCBs are different. The total PCBs concentrations in pine needles, which did not show big difference in three sampling sites, were 107.5 pg/g (urban), 94.8 pg/g (semi-rural) and 78.8 pg/g (rural) respectively. The low chlorinated PCBs were major component in pine needles and the PCBs congener concentration profile of each sampling area were similar each other, and the octanol-air partitioning coefficient, Koa, highly correlated with the PCBs concentrations in pine needles. The total PCBs concentrations in soil which did show big difference in three sampling sites, were 830.0 pg/g (urban), 314.1 pg/g (semi-rural) and 136.5 pg/g (rural) respectively. The high chlorinated PCBs were major component in soil and the PCBs congener concentration profile of each sampling area were similar each other. There was no similarity between the PCBs concentration of pine needles and those of soil at each site, because of the different mechanism of deposition and volatilization processes of PCBs. The total PCBs concentrations of 2009 became 12.9 times lower than those of 2001. The reduce rate of PCB 28 was the greatest.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.159-165
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• 2013

Objective: This study was carried out in order to estimate atmospheric Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) concentrations using pine needles as a passive air sampler (PAS) in urban, semi-rural and rural regions. Methods: One-year old pine needles were collected to analyze their PCBs concentrations ($C_p$, pg/g dry) at the end of December. PCBs concentrations in ambient air ($C_a$, $pg/m^3$) were calculated with the $logK_{oa}-log(C_p/C_a)$) model. Results: PCBs concentrations in ambient air ($C_a$) were high in the order of urban, semi-rural and rural regions. The lower-chlorinated PCBs showed a higher concentration in ambient air. However, the distribution of PCBs congeners was similar in all three regions. Correlation between $C_a$ and the population density of the three regions was significant ($R^2$=0.9834, p<0.001). Conclusions: It was concluded that although the production and use of PCBs was banned in the1970s, PCBs are currently being produced unintentionally by human activities.