• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.693-702
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• 2005

Accurate timing and sequence of eruption of permanent teeth are indicies of growth and essential for pediatric dentistry and pediatric clinical orthodontics. From the children brought to the Yonsei Dental Hospital during 2001 to 2003, 654 boys and 542 girls, ranging in age from five to fourteen years, were selected and analysed. The following was concluded. 1. Eruption time of maxillary teeth is 6.81 years in boys, 6.78 years in girls for central incisor, 8.30 years in boys, 7.98 years in girls for lateral incisor, 10.28 years in boys, 10.04 years in girls for canine, 9.74 years in boys, 9.90 years in girls for first premolar, 10.87 years in boys, 10.41 years in girls for second premolar, 6.25 years in boys, 6.54 years in girls for first permanent molar, 12.21 years in boys, 12.03 years in girls for second permanent molar 2. Eruption time of mandibular teeth is 6.00 years in boys, 6.06 years in girls for central incisor, 6.99 years in boys, 6.74 years in girls for lateral incisor, 9.83 years in boys, 9.17 years in girls for canine, 9.92 years in boys, 9.75 years in girls for first premolar, 10.66 years in boys, 10.39 years in girls for second premolar, 5.99 years in boys, 5.75 years in girls for first permanent molar, 11.92 years in boys, 12.17 years in girls or second permanent molar. 3. The following eruption sequence was observed the first permanent molar erupted first, followed by the central incisor, the lateral incisor, the first premolar, the canine, the second premolar and the second permanent molar in the maxilla. The first permanent molar erupted first, followed by the central incisor, the lateral incisor, the canine, the first premolar, the second premolar and the second permanent molar in the mandible.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.540-548
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• 2000

The aim of this study was to evaluate the timing of sequence of tooth calcification in current Korean growing children. The Calcification stage of permanent teeth of Korean children was investigated by classifying them into 10 stages by the criteria of Nolla, using the panoramic radiographs of 258 healthy Korean children, 149 males and 109 females, between the ages of 4 years and 13 years, with normal growing tendency and no orthodontic treatment experience. The obtained results were as follows: 1. Timing of calcification of permanent teeth by Nolla stage was established with mean values. Among the mean value, results of Nolla stage 7 were as follows: Calcification timing of male in the maxilla was 6 year 9 month on central incisor, 7 year 4 month on lateral incisor,7 year 9 month on canine, 8 year 8 month on the first premolar, 9 year 4 month on the second premolar, 6 years 3 month on the first molar and 10 year 8 month on the second molar, calcification timing of male in the mandible was 5 year 11 month on central incisor, 6 year 4 month on lateral incisor, 7 year 5 month on canine, 8 year 1 month on the first premolar, 8 year 6 month on the second premolar 5 years 6 month on the first molar and 10 year 3 month on the second molar. Calcification timing of female in the maxilla was 6 year 2 month on central incisor, 6 year 7 month on lateral incisor, 6 year 11 month on canine, 8 year 1 month on the first premolar, 8 year 5 month on the second premolar, 5 years 10 month on the first molar and 9 year 10 month on the second molar, calcification timing of male in the mandible was 5 year 6 month on central incisor, 5 year 9 month on lateral incisor, 6 year 8 month on canine, 7 year 6 month on the first premolar, 8 year 4 month on the second premolar, 5 years 3 month on the first molar and 9 year 7 month on the second molar. 2. The sequence of calcification at Nolla stage 7 was in consequence to the first molar, central incisor, lateral incisor, canine, the first premolar, the second premolar and second molar. 3. While the sequence of root completion of maxilla was in consequence to the first molar, central incisor, lateral incisor, that of mandible was in order of central incisor, first molar and lateral incisor. 4 the calcification timing of permanent teeth was earlier in female than in male (p<0.05). According to above data, the result of this study is applicable for diagnosis and routine clinical practice for children.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.663-666
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• 2003

이 논문에서는 특징점 정보를 이용한 세선화 보정 알고리즘에 대하여 연구하였다. 세선화된 지문에서 교차수를 이용하여 추출된 특징점으로부터 세선화 보정을 수행하였다. 세선화 보정 과정은 특징점인 단점과 분기점을 시작점으로 하여 융선을 추적하면서 불필요한 융선을 제거해 나가는 방법으로 더 이상 제거할 융선이 없을 때까지 반복하여 처리한다. 세선화 보정이 끝나면 CN과 SN을 이용하여 특징점을 재추출하였다. 기존의 세선화된 지문으로부터 추출된 특징점과 제안한 세선화 보정 알고리즘으로부터 추출된 특징점을 비교하였다. 이 비교를 통하여 기존방법보다 세선화 지문이 개선되고 많은 의사 특징점들이 제거되었음을 알 수 있었다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.147-152
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• 1999

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of H. pylori infection in normal preschool children. Methods: Study population consisted of 220 preschool children aged 2 to 5 years in Seoul, Korea. We measured H. pylori specific IgG antibody using the GAP test IgG kit, and samples with concentrations greater than 20 U/ml were considered positive. Results: Of the 220 children, 5 (2.3%) were positive, and thirteen (5.9%) of 220 were equivocally probable positive. Conclusion: The positive rate of H. pylori infection detected by specific IgG antibody in normal preschool children aged 2 to 5 years was approximately 2.3% to 8.2%. This prevalence rate is still high, compared to that of the West. A better knowledge of the transmission of H. pylori is crucial to formulate recommendations for lowering the rate.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.361-375
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional status of 3~5 year old children attending kindergarten and childcare facilities in 2010 and 2014. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2010 and 2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) and included 509 subjects aged 3~5 years old attending kindergarten and childcare facilities. Results: In 2014, rate of skipping meals by children was 16.2%, an increase of 5.5% compared with the rate of skipping meals by children in 2010. Calcium intake in 2014 was 397.41 mg at 3 years old, 419.27 mg at 4 years old, and 414.01 mg at 5 years old. For the mean nutrient adequacy ratio (MAR) of subjects in 2010 and 2014, MAR at 3 years old (0.86) was significantly lower than those at 4 and 5 years old (0.90, 0.91) (p < 0.01). In 2010 and 2014, EAR intake at 3 years old (2.72) was significantly higher than those at 4 years old (2.14) and 5 years olds (1.92) (p < 0.01). Conclusion: As a result, compared with 2010 before establishment of the Children's foodservice management center, there was no improvement in the polarization of nutrient intake of children in 2014. Therefore, researchers believe that a continuous monitoring system developed by nutrition experts and children's foodservice management center are needed to improve the nutritional status of children. Of children between the ages of 3~5 years old, those with intakes under EAR were mostly 3 years old. Therefore, researchers suggest that the infant age group of KDRIs, which is classified as 1~2 years old and 3~5 years old, needs to be reestablished considering the growth and development of infants.

• Korea Petroleum Association Journal
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• no.12 s.10
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• pp.59-64
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• 1981

1.서론 2.자동차산업의 육성의의 가. 산업연관효과 나. 내수시장의 잠재력 다. 생산기술의 축적 라. 수출전략산업 3.석유와 자동차산업 가. 자동차연료 나. 자동차석유소비 4.자동차산업과 석유의 특별소비세 가.특별소비세의 효율 나. 석유류의 가격체계 다. 석유류 특별소비세의 담세비중 라. 석유류 특별소비세와 그 영향 5.결론

• 주택과사람들
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• s.196
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• pp.22-23
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• 2006

전국 분양 시장의 침체를 막기 위한 해법은 무엇일까? 취등록세 및 양도세 완화가 그 답이 될 수 있다. 지방의 국민주택 규모 이하인자는 취등록세를 감면해주고 투기성이 없는 지방의 2주택지는 중과세를 완화하는 방안을 고려해볼 수 있다. 주택 시장의 연착륙을 위한 해법으로 부동산 세제 완화에 대해 살펴보았다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.494-494
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• 2022

임의의 지점에서 하천의 수질은 해당 하천으로 유입되는 모든 지역의 오염원에 대한 영향을 받으므로 상류 소유역에 전체에 대한 복합적인 평가가 동반되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 배출부하량 자료를 활용하여 충주댐 호소의 수질에 대한 상류 유역의 영향성을 평가하여 우심하천을 결정하는 방법을 제안하고, 충주댐 유역의 우심하천을 결정하였다. 충주댐 유역을 Korean Reach File (Version 3)에서 제공하는 182개 세유역으로 구분하였으며, 각각의 소유역에 대한 Straem Total Load (STL)를 산정하였다. 여기서, STL은 세유역의 하천으로 유입하는 모든 상류 세유역을 포함하는 단위면적당 배출부하량으로 명명하였다. 충주댐 본체가 포함된 세유역 (충주댐2-3)을 목표지역으로, 대상 수질 항목은 총인(TP)으로 선정하였다. 충주댐2-3 세유역의 STL은 0.0029 kg/ha/day이며, 상류 세유역의 STL이 목표 지역보다 높으면 댐호소 수질에 대한 영향이 큰 세유역으로 구분할 수 있다. 각각의 세유역에 대한 STL을 산정하면 장평천4 0.0191 kg/ha/day로 가장 높았으며, 주천강시점3 0.0089 kg/ha/day, 주천강상류1 0.0088 kg/ha/day 등의 순으로 나타났다. 또한 충주댐2-3의 STL보다 높은 세유역은 68개, 주요 우심하천은 장평천과 제천천 그리고 주천강 등으로 분류되었다. 또한 STL을 활용하면 상류 세유역에서 하류 세유역까지 배출부하의 이동 경향이 나타나므로 (최상류에서 높은 오염부하를 배출하여도 하류로 이동하며 낮은 오염부하를 배출하는 세유역과 합쳐지면 댐 호소의 수질에 대한 영향이 적은 것 등) 세유역의 배출부하 또는 단위면적당 배출부하로 우심지역을 평가하는 방법과의 차별성을 가지고 있다.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2006

In this study, we researched the near addition of presbyopia by the amplitude accommodation method for 40~65ages. The major findings was as follows: 1. The add power was ranged from +0.50Dptr to +3.50Dptr. 2. Add power, +1.50Dptr${\geq}$Add power${\geq}$0.50Dptr was measured in 40~44ages. 3. Add power, +2.00Dptr${\geq}$Add power${\geq}$1.00Dptr was measured in 45~50ages. 4. Add power, +3.00Dptr${\geq}$Add power${\geq}$1.50Dptr was measured in 51~55ages. 5. Add power, +3.50Dptr${\geq}$Add power${\geq}$2.50Dptr was measured in 56~65ages. 6. They put on their glasses for near purpose in 75%.

• 프린팅코리아
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• s.2
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• pp.36-37
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• 2002

지난 6.13 지방선거에 총 10명의 인쇄인이 당선됐다. 총 24명이 의회 진출을 시도한 가운데 광역의원 선거에선 6명이 도전해 3명이 당선됐으며, 기초의원선거에선 총 18명이 나서서 7명이 당선의 기쁨을 누렸다. 시, 도의원 당선자는 인천 중구 제1선거구의 안병배(진문사인쇄소.45세), 충남 연기군 제1선거구 유환준(일신인쇄사.56세), 전북 무주군 무주제1선거구 윤완병(현대인쇄광고.46세) 의원등 이다. 구, 시, 군의원 당선자는 서울 도봉구 창제5동 목충균(세로와상사.62세), 서울 송파구 거여제1동 장경선(이레문화사.61세), 부산 중구 중앙동 영주1동 김만택(한일인쇄.58세), 부산 동래구 사직제1동 강신두(영남종합인쇄.48세), 대구 북구 침산3동 김형구(경원인쇄소.60세), 충남 보령 대천1동 임대식(명문당인쇄소.52세), 경북 경주시 동천동 김병태(경주인쇄소.44세) 의원 등이다. 새로이 의회에 발을 들여놓은 이들은 이구동성으로 인쇄업 경영이 선거에서 크나큰 도움이 됐다고 말했다. 당선자 모두는 인쇄업을 직접 경영한 경우였으며, 후보자 가운데는 광역의회와 기초의회 각각 1명씩 2명의 인쇄 현장 근로자들도 있었으나 탈락의 고배를 마셨다. 6.13 지방선거에 출마해 당선돼 인쇄업의 위상을 한층 드높인 대표 당선자 인터뷰와 10명 당선자들의 인적 사항을 정리했다.