• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.493-499
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to evaluate the contents of reducing sugar and total polyphenol and the antioxidant activity of freeze-dried ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. meyer cv Yun-poong). Ginseng root consists of the main root (MR), lateral root (LR) and fine root (FR). These roots were sorted into 3~4 groups (MR 1~4 groups, LR 1~4 groups, FR 1~3 groups) depending on the diameter of center region. The reducing sugar content has no influence on the diameter, but the reducing sugar content was decreased by subdivision. Total polyphenol contents of ginseng were the highest in FR-3 among all others. The antioxidant activity was measured using DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity. The $IC_{50}$ (50% inhibitory concentration) value of the hydrogen donating activity was the highest in FR-3 as 7.03 mg/mL and the lowest in MR-2 as 37.02 mg/mL. Overall, hydrogen donating activity of FR was higher than the main root and lateral root significantly (p<0.05). The ABTS radical scavenging activity in FR-3 showed the highest radical scavenging activity as 25.49%. This study's findings suggest that the total polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity of ginseng were the highest in FR-3, and that polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity of ginseng were related to root area and diameter.

• Feed Journal
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• v.3 no.3 s.19
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• pp.80-83
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• 2005

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.753-754
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• 1999

Application of compost to vineyards reduced nitrogen absorption into vine roots, increased soil nitrogen content, soil pH, soil organic matter, and fine roots density. Long pruning reduced the growth of 'Campbell Early' of Wakeman's training system. Maintaining proper vine shape was very difficult because long pruning decreased the vine growth. In conclusion, the application of compost to 'Campbell Early', 'Kyoho', 'Sheridan' vineyard decreased vine growth, increased soil organic matter, soil pH and favored the rhizosphere condition and the growth of fine roots increased.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.299-305
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• 2010

In this study, the contents of ginsenoside were compared according to the red ginseng extract times to provide basic information for developing nutraceutical foods using red ginseng. The highest total ginsenoside contents of the main, lateral, and fine root extracts were 23.04, 65.68, and 295.92 mg/100 mL when extracted at $75^{\circ}C$ for 21, 18, and 12 hours, respectively. The total ginsenoside content showed a tendency to decrease as the extraction times were increased. The highest Rb1 and Rg1 contents of the main, lateral, and fine root extracts were 5.76, 28.39, and 117.83 mg/100 mL when extracted at $75^{\circ}C$ for 18, 15, and, 12 hours, respectively, and their highest Rb2 and Re contents were 5.76, 28.39, and 117.83 when extracted under the same conditions. The prosapogenin content of the red ginseng extract increased along with the extraction time. The highest total ginsenoside extraction ratios of the main, lateral, and fine root extracts of the red ginseng at $75^{\circ}C$ were 21.3, 21.1, and 67.1%, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1244-1250
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• 2011

The study was performed to evaluate the antibacterial and antiviral activities of ginseng fine root in order to search for antibacterial substances. Among 8 kinds of fermentation strains, Lactobacillus plantarum was selected based on viable cell count and antibacterial activities during incubation. Optimum conditions of ginseng fine root fermentation for L. plantarum were incubation at $35^{\circ}C$ for 48 hr in 5% ginseng fine root broth. That methanolic extract of fermented ginseng fine root broth was observed to be antibacterial and have antiviral activities. The results of paper disc method of non-fermented extract and fermented extract measured against E. coli was 11 mm and 20 mm, S. aureus was 15 mm and 22 mm, respectively. Shaking flask method was observed to inhibit the growth E. coli and S. aureus in fermented extract by 99.9%. However, antiviral activity of Feline calicivirus (FCV) was mostly activated. Fermented extract was used to investigate the compositional changes of ginsenosides on HPLC analysis. By fermentation, ginsenoside Rg1, Re and Rd were increased, with Rd showing a significant increase of 50 ${\mu}g/g$. These results suggest that ginseng fine root extract is a useful resource.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.2
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• pp.269-275
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• 2019

The aim of our study was to compare the wound responses and fine root development after root cutting and wound dressing among different tree species. The roots (2~4 cm in diameter) of mature Pinus densiflora, Prunus serrulata var. spontanea, and Zelkova serrata grown in Sangju, South Korea, were cut every 6 months from May 2014 to November 2016. The cut roots were subjected to pastes of vaseline and organic fertilizer. Six months after cutting, fine root development in the cut roots was examined. There was a significant increase in the fine root development in P. serrulata and Z. serrata; however, the development was rarely observed in P. densiflora. Zelkova serrata showed the highest fine root development among the three species in both the control and organic paste treatment groups. No significant differences in fine root development were observed in P. serrulata among the treatments. These results indicate that different tree species exhibit different responses to wound dressing after root cutting, which suggests that specific treatments must be applied to specific tree species.

• 대한치과보철학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.68-68
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• 1999

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2016.10a
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• pp.3-4
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• 2016

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.173.2-173
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• 2001

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.3
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• pp.286-298
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of forest soil acidification on the distribution of exchangeable cations($Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Al^{3+}$) and heavy metals(Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cd) in soil, and to understand the relation of the soil chemical properties and the distribution of nutrients and hear metals in fine root and foliage. The results through survey on the long - term change of soil pH and the contents of nutrient and heavy metal in soil, fine root and foliage by 2 sites near Ulsan - Onsan industrial estate and 2 sites in limited development district are summarized as follows : 1. The average forest soil pH(A horizon) in Ulsan had been proceeded down to 3.73 in deciduous forest and 3.86 in coniferous forest in 1994 from 4.45 and 4.78 in 1987, respectively, which indicated serious soil acidification. As comparing soil pH among sites, Dongcheon coniferous forest(pH 4.57) in limited development district showed the highest values and Dangwol deciduous forest(pH 3.19) near Onsan industrial estate showed the lowest values in 1994. 2. Contents of exchangeable calcium in forest soils of limited development district where showed much higher soil pH than industrial estate were 3.5 times more in deciduous forest soil and 11 times more in coniferous forest soil than in industrial estate, and contents of exchangeable magnesium were also 4.5 and 5 times more in limited development district than in industrial estate, respectively. However contents of exchangeable aluminium which had been supposed more in forest soil of industrial estate were more in limited development district. 3. Contents of calcium and magnesium in fine root of deciduous trees(A hirsuta. Q. acutissima) were 3.6 and 1.7 times more in limited development district than in industrial estate, respectively, and those of coniferous trees(P. rigida, P. thunbergii) were 4.6 and 1.5 times more in Limited development district than in industrial estate, respectively. Also contents of calcium and magnesium in foliage of deciduous trees were 1.1 and 2.2 times more in limited development district than in industrial estate, respectively, and those of coniferous trees were 1.8 and 3.3 times more in limited development district, respectively. And contents of aluminium in fine root and foliage were nearly as same as in soil. 4. Ca/Al molar ratios in soil and fine root, which could be related with the dgree of soil acidification and Al toxicity on trees, were Less than 1 in all sites except Dongcheon, suggesting that the soil and fine root in the sites have high sensitivity to soil acidification and the decrease in nutrient uptake and root enlargement. The Ca/Al molar ratios in soil and fine root in coniferous forest were highly correlated with the soil pH one another. 5. Contents of Cu, Zn and Pb in soil, fine root and foliage were more in industrial estate than in limited development district in both deciduous and coniferous forests, however, oppositely contents of Mn and Cd in soil were more in limited development district than in industrial estate.