• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.451-462
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate breakfast consumption pattern in relation to diet quality and health outcomes of Korean adults. Data are from 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Dietary information of 3406 adults aged $30{\sim}49$ years and their socio-demographic characteristics, blood lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, anthropometric measurements were analyzed. According to the breakfast consumption of the subjects, they were classified to breakfast skippers and eaters and the eaters' breakfast staple types were defined as RICE, BREAD, NOODLES, MIXED (mixed types including several grain-based dishes), and OTHERS. The proportions of breakfast consumption patterns were 18.4% for skippers, 71.1% for RICE, 2.6% for BREAD, 1.6% for NOODLES, 4.0% for MIXED, and 2.4% for OTHERS. Breakfast skippers had lower daily nutrients intake than breakfast eaters but their health outcomes did not differ from those of eaters. Instead, men with BREAD pattern had higher blood cholesterol and women in NOODLE pattern had higher blood glucose and lower HDL cholesterol. The BREAD pattern breakfast had higher energy contribution from fat and lower nutrient densities and the subjects in BREAD pattern had higher level of household income. Men's BREAD pattern breakfast consisted more animal products than that of women. There was high probability of undernutrition among women in NOODLE pattern and their mean household income was the lowest. From these results, in Korea, breakfast staple types have different food patterns and there was need for developing healthy food patterns appropriate to each staple type. The breakfast consumption pattern had influences on nutrient adequacy of the diet and health outcomes and seemed to represent socio-economic status. These could be used in doing nutrition education in community.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.176-184
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• 2017

Objectives : Middle aged women with depression often experience hot flush symptoms. It is still unclear about the association between depression and hot flush symptoms. Therefore, we investigated hormonal profile, functional somatic symptoms, coping styles and attitude for menopause between depressed women with hot flush and those without hot flush. Methods : This study included 33 depressed patients with hot flush symptoms and 33 depressed patients without hot flush symptoms. Hot flush was confirmed through prospective daily symptom ratings for a week. Subjects' coping styles were assessed by the stress coping checklist. Somatic symptoms were assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-15(PHQ-15). Sex hormonal levels were assayed by a radioimmunoassay. The Brief World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Instrument(WHOQOL-BREF) was used to evaluate quality of life. Results : In coping style, depressed women with hot flush symptoms used less 'problem-centered coping'($13.15{\pm}3.17$) and 'search for social support'($11.83{\pm}2.84$) than those without hot flush symptoms($15.17{\pm}3.1$, p=0.028 ; $14.25{\pm}3.22$, p=0.009 ; respectively). Depressed women with hot flush symptoms showed more negative attitude toward post-menopause, but its statistical significance was marginally insufficient(p=0.059). We did not find any group differences in sex hormonal levels and somatic complaints assessed by the PHQ-15. The score of social relationship domain of WHOQOL-BREF was significantly lower in subjects with hot flush symptoms($8.62{\pm}2.04$) than subjects without hot flush symptoms($9.71{\pm}1.65$ ; p=0.044). Conclusions : Among middle aged women with depression, the manifestation of hot flush symptoms was associated with coping styles and attitude for menopausal transition. Hot flush symptoms in depressed women negatively influence quality of life, so clinicians actively perform therapeutic approach in case of depressed patients with hot flush symptoms. In case of depressed patients who present hot flushes, cognitive behavior therapy or stress management might be an effective treatment option in company with antidepressants or hormonal treatment. Later, longitudinal study will be needed to evaluate risk factor, cause and effect associated with hot flush and depression.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.279-286
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• 2001

Objective: To elucidate 1) whether there are any differences in the urine concentrations of steroid hormone metabolites between patients with leiomyoma and normal controls 2) the correlation between urinary profiles of steroid hormones and leiomyomas of the uterus according to their type, location, volume, and weight. Materials of Methods : The study population consisted of 37 premenopausal patients with uterine leiomyoma and the control group consisted of 25 premenopausal normal volunteer women without uterine leiomyoma. Confirmation of the existence of uterine leiomyoma was done by ultrasonography and histopathological examination after surgery. The volume of the leiomyoma was estimated by trans-abdominal and/or trans-vaginal ultrasonography. The Leiomyomas were divided into 3 types (subserosal, intramural and submucosal). Seventeen patients had subserosal type of leiomyoma, 10 with the intramural type and 10 with the submucosal type. The locations of the leiomyoma were also divided into 3 groups (fundus, body and isthmus). Seventeen patients showed a fundus location, 10 in body, and 10 in isthmus. We compared urinary profiles of the endogenous steroids between patients with leiomyomas and normal controls, and also investigated the relationship between urinary profiles of the endogenous steroids and leiomyomas according to their type, location, volume and weight by using highly sensitive Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) system. Results: The mean ages of the patients with leiomyomas and the control group were $43.1{\pm}5.6$ and $40.6{\pm}7.2$ years, the weights were $63.4{\pm}7.3$ and $59.4{\pm}8.1\;kg$, and their heights were $155.4{\pm}4.8$ and $159.3{\pm}4.8\;cm$ respectively. Seventeen patients had subserosal, 10 had intramural, and 10 had submucosal leiomyomas. There were 17 patients with leiomyoma located in fundus, 10 in body and 10 in isthmus. $17{\beta}$-estradiol, 5-AT, 11-keto ET, $11{\beta}$-hydroxy An, $11{\beta}$-hydroxy Et, THS, THA, THE, a-cortolone, a-cortol, $\beta$-cortol, $11{\beta}$-OH Et/$11{\beta}$-OH An and E2/E1 were significantly increased in patients with leiomyoma than in the control group. $17{\beta}$-estradiol was significantly increased in the intramural and the submucosal types than in the subserosal type. There was no significant difference in the concentrations of urinary steroids according to the locations of leiomyomas. There was no significant relationship between the concentration of urinary steroids and the volume of the leiomyomas. $17{\beta}$-estradiol significantly decreased as the weight of uterus increased (r=-0.322, p=0.04). Conclusion: The concentrations of steroid hormone metabolites were generally increased in patients with leiomyoma but were not significantly related to the volume and weight of the leiomyomas. Our study suggests that steroid hormones may be involved in the initiation of leiomyomas but may not be involved in their progression. In addition, the concentrations of steroid hormone metabolites are not related to the leiomyoma type and location.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.117-131
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• 2000

Objectives: To develop a new immunohistochemical marker system for supplementation of the Noyes histological classification of the endometrium in women of child bearing age with regular menstrual cycles, and to employ this system to evaluate pathologic factors involved in endometriosis, and thus to ascertain if it is useful in diagnosis. Materials and Methods: Endometrial biopsies were sampled from the posterior fundus of 41 (24 proliferative phases, 17 secretory phases) women with regular menstrual cycles (28-32 days), and each sample was immunohistochemically stained according to Noyes et al (1975) for determination of expression for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), integrin ${\alpha}_1$, ${\alpha}_4$, ${\beta}_3$, COX-1 and COX-2. Then, the PR, integrin ${\beta}_3$ and COX-2 which were clearly expressed in the luteal phase was with endometrial samples were obtained from 20 cases of normal patients (group 1) and 25 cases with endometriosis (group 2) after confirming the day of ovulation by sex steroid level measurements 7-8 days after ovulation Results: In the regular menstruation group the expression of ER showed a tendency to be increased in the proliferative phase and decreased in the secretory phase, and was the highest in the proliferative phase. However, PR in the stromal cells showed no change in the entire menstrual cycle while in the epithelial cells, PR reached a peak in the late proliferative phase and was almost absent in the secretory phase. Integrin (${\alpha}_1$, ${\alpha}_4$, and ${\beta}_3$ expression in the epithelial cells was absent in the proliferative phase but ${\alpha}_1$ was strongly expressed starting from the early secretory phase into the entire secretory phase. ${\alpha}_4$ was expressed strongly in the early and mid secretory phases and disappeared in the late proliferative phase, while ${\beta}_3$ appeared after the mid secretory phase and continued to be expressed until the late secretory phase. Expression in the stromal cells was weak overall and did not show any cyclic pattern. COX-1 expression was shown as a cyclic pattern in the stromal and epithelial cells and was particularly strongly expressed in the mid secretory phase of epithelial cells, and in the mid secretory and menstruation phase of stromal cells. In the endometrial epithelial cells there was strong expression during the entire cycle with stronger expression in the secretory phase compared to the prolferative phase. COX-2 was clearly expressed in the late proliferative, early and mid secretory phases in the stromal cells. No expression was observed in the proliferative phase of the epithelial cells, but which began to appear in the early secretory phase reaching a significant pattern from the mid secretory phase onwards. There was almost no expression in the stromal cells. In the cases with endometriosis showing normal endometrial maturation according to the Noyes classification, PR expression was increased while Integrin-${\beta}_3$의 expression was significantly decreased compared to the normal group. Also, COX-2 expression was slightly decreased in the stromal cells of patients with endometriosis while it was significantly increased in the stromal cells. Conclusion: Immunohistochemical markers can supplement the original Noyes classification of histological endometrial dating and therefore ascertain existing pathologic conditions. Particularly for patients with endometriosis with normally mature endometrial cells, changes in COX-2 and integrin expression patterns may assist in elucidating pathophysiologic mechanisms and therefore aid in the diagnosis of abnormal implantation conditions, and consequently determine a treatment modality.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources Conference
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• 1995.11a
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• pp.49-70
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• 1995

콜레스테롤은 성호르몬, 스테로이드 호르몬, 비타민 D, 담즙산 및 다른 체내화합물에 존재하는 생명에 필수적인 물질이며, 특히 세포막에는 이의 안정적인 기능수행을 위해 일정량의 콜레스테롤이 반드시 존재해야 한다. 이러한 중요성 때문에 우리의 몸안에는 완전히 음식물의 섭취에 의한 공급에 의존하지 않고서도 필요에 따라 체조직의 온전한 기능수행을 위해 즉시 이용될 수 있는 충분한 양의 콜레스테롤이 존재한다. 따라서 체내에서 자체적으로 합성되는 콜레스테롤의 양은 음식물을 통해 흡수되는 양보다 일반적으로 훨씬 높다. 매일 우리의 체내에서는 약 1,500mg 정도의 콜레스테롤이 합성되는데, 주로 간세포에서 만들어지며, 소장세포에서도 일부 합성이 이루어진다. 식단(食單)의 구성에 따라 물론 차이는 있으나, 우리가 매일 음식물을 통해 섭취하는 콜레스테롤의 양은 평균 300~700mg 정도이다 .이중 소장을 통해 흡수될 수 있는 양은 50% 정도에 불과하여 대부분 식사를 통해 흡수되는 콜레스테롤의 양은 실제적인 의미에서 그리 큰 비중을 차지하지 않는다. 대부분의 건강한 사람은 혈액내 콜레스테롤의 수준이 항상 정상적인 범위내에서 유지될 수 있도록 기능적인 체내 Feed-back 기작을 유지하고 있다. 음식물을 통한 식이(食餌)콜레스테롤의 섭취량이 많을 경우에는 이 물질의 장관(腸管)내 흡수율이 낮아지고, 체내 콜레스테롤의 합성량 역시 저하된다. 이러한 방법으로 대부분의 건강한 사람은 음식물을 통한 많은 양의 식이 콜레스테롤 섭취에 대해 효율적으로 보상하는 체내기작을 갖게 되어 혈중 콜레스테롤 수준이 필요 이상 높아지는 것을 막게 된다. 물로 s이러한 보상작용(補償作用)은 사람에 따라 일정하지는 않다. 최근의 연구결과에 의하면, 건강한 사람들의 약 60%정도는 하루에 3개 정도의 달걀에 포함되어 있는 양 정도의 콜레스테롤을 추가적으로 보상시킬 수 있다고 하는데, 이는 달걀 이외의 음식물에서도 섭취되는 콜레스테롤 양을 감안할 때 하루 총 1,000~1,500mg에 해당하는 양이다. 뿐만 아니라 이중 일부 사람들은 일반적인 식단 하에서 6개의 달걀을 추가하여 섭취하여도 혈중 콜레스테롤 수준이 높아지지 않는다고 한다. 여러 나라에서 아직도 일률적으로 권장되는, 음식물을 통한 일당 콜레스테롤 섭취량을 최고 300mg으로 제한해야 한다는 것은 건강인에 있어서는 앞에서 언급한 바와 같은 생리적인 피이드-백 기작으로 말미암아 혈중 콜레스테롤 수준을 저하시키지 못하거나 미미한 정도에 불과하다. 혈중 콜레스테롤 수준이 정상적인 범위인 180~240 mg/dl에 해당하는 대부분의 건강인에게도 콜레스테롤이 많이 함유된 달걀이나 기타 축산물을 이용한 식품의 지속적인 섭취를 적극 피하도록 권장하는 것은 국민보건상 별로 큰 위미가 없다고 생각한다. 왜냐하면 이로 말미암아 국민 건강상 문제점이 크게 향상되었다는 연구보고는 아직 발견되지 않고 있기 때문이다. 더욱이 동물성 콜레스테롤 다량 함유식품인 달걀, 우유, 유제품 및 육류 등의 섭취를 꺼리게 되면 이들 식품들이 영양생리학상 매우 중요한 양질의 영양소를 많이 함유하고 있기 때문에 여러 중요한 필수 영양소의 공급상태를 뚜렷히 감소시키게 된다. 병적으로 혈중 콜레스테롤의 수준이 높은 사람은 관상성 심장병의 발병 내지는 심장경색에 의한 사망에 대한 통계학적 위험성이 증가된다. 고콜레스테롤 혈증(청, 중년층의 경우 260mg /dl 이상) 환자중 많은 사람들은 대부분 음식물을 통한 다량의 콜레스테롤 섭취에 의해 혈중 콜레스테롤 수준이 높아진 것이 아니고, 주로 유전적인 콜레스테롤 대사 결함에 그 원인이 있다고 한다. 이런 환자들의 경우에는 콜레스테롤 및 지방함량이 낮은 음식물만 계속적으로 섭취한다고해서 혈중 콜레스테롤의 수준을 만족할만한 정도까지 낮출 수 있는 것은 아니기 때문에 주로 의학적 약물투여에 의한 치료법을 적용한다. 식이성 고콜레스테롤 증상을 보이는 사람들에 있어서는 음식물의 섭취방법을 조절해 줄 필요가 있는데, 가장 효과적인 식이요법은 체중을 정상적인 수준으로 조절하는데 있다. 이러한 환자의 경우는 지방을 통한 열량 섭취량을 총열량의 30% 정도 수준까지 감소시키는 것이 좋으며, 팔미틴산의 함량이 높은 지방의 섭취는 가능하면 삼가는 것이 좋다. 단순 및 고도 불포화지방산의 함량이 높은 지방의 섭취는 혈중 콜레스테롤의 수준을 한 포인트 정도 낮추는데 추가적으로 기여할 수 있다. 최근의 연구에 의하면, 단순 불포화 지방산인 올레인산을 많이 함유하고 있는 올리브 기름이 특히 혈중 콜레스테롤 수준에 대한 유리한 효과를 나타낸다고 하는데, 이는 오로지 혈액내 LDL-Cholesterol을 감소시키는 작용에 기인한다. 이에 반해 고도 불포화지방산인 리놀산은 저밀도지단백질 부분 외에도 심장 보호성(心臟 保護性) HDL-부분까지도 저하시키게 된다. 따라서 특수하게 리놀산을 강화시켜 제조한 마아가린이나 이와 유사한 기름을 이용한 리놀산 강화식품의 섭취는 이러한 이유 외에도 일정한 부작용이 알려져 있어 더 이상 강하게 추천되지 않고 있다. 만일 이러한 식이조절에도 불구하고 혈중 콜레스테롤 수준이 원하는 정도까지 떨어지지 않을 경우, 물론 콜레스테롤의 섭취를 최저로 제한할 수 있는 방법을 꾸준히 시도해 봐야 하나 일반적으로 미미한 정도의 효과만을 가져온다. 유전 및 식이와 관계되는 사항 외에도 추가적으로 고려해야 할 점은, 혈중 콜레스테롤 수준은 나이, 성별, 스포츠, 흡연, 스트레스 및 음주 등과 같은 요인에도 결정적인 영향을 받는다는 사실이다. 물론 현재까지 과도하게 증가된 혈중 콜레스테롤 수준을 저하시킴으로써 전체 국민의 사망률을 현저하게 낮추고 평균수명을 연장시켰다는 증거는 발견되지 않고 있다. 왜냐하면 단독 식이 요법을 통한 해당 연구들이 현재까지 뚜렷한 긍정적인 결과를 제시하지 못하고 있기 때문이다. 의약품의 투여로 심장경색 및 이로 인한 사망을 감소시킬 수 있었다는 보고는 여러 연구결과들에서 보여주고 있으나, 그대신 다른 질병 및 암에 의한 사망률 역시 동시에 증가되었다고 한다. 이러한 이유로 말미암아 콜레스테롤 저하요법에 있어서 본래의 치료목적 이외의 위험성에도 항상 주의해야할 필요성이 존재한다는 사실을 주지해야 한다.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.9-30
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• 1985

The study was carried out to find out the changes of the sex hormone levels in the milk of Holstein cows during the reproductive stages such as the estrous cycle, pregnancy and periparturient period. The FSH, LH, estradiol-17$\beta$ and progesterone from the milk samples were assayed by radioimmunoassay methods. The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. The levels of progesterone and estradiol-17$\beta$ were similar among inter-quarters, but they were higher in after milking than before milking times, with no statistical significance. 2. The milk progesterone levels during the estrous cycles reached a peak mean level of 3.55$\pm$0.26ng/$m\ell$ at 15 days after estrus and they did not show any differences among the length of estrous cycles. The estradiol-17$\beta$ levels during the estrous cycles showed a peak level of 36.40$\pm$2.38pg/$m\ell$ at estrus, and decreased(17.20$\pm$0.46 pg/$m\ell$ to 18.65$\pm$1.26pg/$m\ell$) at luteal phase. 3. The FSH levels during the estrous cycles ranged from 2.25$\pm$0.23mIU/$m\ell$ to 4.35$\pm$0.24mIU/$m\ell$ showing significant changes. The LH levels during the estrous cycles gradually increased and remained a peak level of 10.90$\pm$0.36mIU/$m\ell$ from 20 to 25 days after estrus. 4. The progesterone levels during the pregnancy were decreased from 30 to 60 days after artificial insemination, and therafter continuously increased until 240 days. The estradiol-17$\beta$ levels during the pregnancy were 24.56$\pm$1.19pg/$m\ell$ at day 30 after artificial inseminaton, and increased rapidly until 180 days. The levles were agagin decreased by 26.17$\pm$3.03pg/$m\ell$ until 210 days and markedly increased by 68.00$\pm$8.70pg/$m\ell$ until 240 days. 5. The prolactin levels during the pregnancy were 31.27$\pm$2.31ng/$m\ell$ and 42.60$\pm$2.37ng/$m\ell$ at day 150 and 240 after artificial insemination respectively. The LH levels during the pregnancy reached a peak of 27.47$\pm$7.90mIU/$m\ell$ at day 30 after artificial insemination, and thereafter gradually decreased. 6. The progesterone levels during the periparturient period reached a peak of 4.61$\pm$0.34ng/$m\ell$ at day 3 prepartum, and thereafter gradually decreased, and showed 2.05$\pm$0.60ng/$m\ell$ at day 7 postpartum. The estradiol-17$\beta$ levels during the periparturient period showed high level from 207.23$\pm$6.04pg/$m\ell$ at day 1 prepartum to 239.90$\pm$13.90pg/$m\ell$ at day 2 prepartum, and thereafter began to decline and reached 51.87$\pm$1.72pg/$m\ell$ at by 7 postpartum. 7. The prolactin levels during the periparturient period showed relatively higher level at the time of parturition. The LH levels during the periparturient period rnage from 6.32$\pm$0.32mIU/$m\ell$ to 13.90$\pm$1.37mIU/$m\ell$ showing significant changes. 8. The progesterone levels(4.6$\pm$0.8ng/$m\ell$) of the pregnant cows were significantly higher than those (1.84$\pm$1.4ng/$m\ell$) of nonpregnant cows. The cows of artificial insemination from 61 to 90 days after parturition showed higher progesterone levels. 9. During 20 to 25 days after artificial insemination, the accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis from milk progesterone levels were 94.4% for nonpregnant cows(<2.3ng/$m\ell$), and 75.0% for pregnant cows( 3.2ng/$m\ell$). The average overall accuracy of pregnancy prediction for nonpregnant and pregnant cows 83.3% 10. The results obtained this study suggest that the understanding of the endocrinological mechanisms by means of milk hormone analysis during the estrous cycle, pregnancy and parturition would give the basic information needed for increasing efficiency of reproduction. This study would not only provide an accurate method of the early pregnancy diagnosis by milk progesterone levels but also contribute to the research of providing the method of detecting of FSH levels in milk, which was difficult in blood serum.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.160-164
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• 2010

Structural abnormalities of the Y chromosome affect normal testicular differentiation and spermatogenesis. The present case showed a rare monocentric derivative Y chromosome with partial duplication of Yp including the SRY gene and deletion of Yq12 heterochromatin. The karyotype was 46,X,der(Y)(pter${\rightarrow}$q11.23::p11.2${\rightarrow}$pter).ish der(Y)(DYZ3+,DYZ1-,SRY++), confirmed through a FISH study. Even though the patient possessed an abnormal Y chromosome, testicular biopsy showed normal testicular volumes in the proband, with gonadal hormonal levels in the normal range but bilateral varicocele and hypospermatogenesis. We speculate that the abnormal Y chromosome arose from sister chromatids during Y chromosome recombination or intra chromosomal NAHR (non-allelic homologous recombination) during meiosis in the patient's father or in the very early stages of embryogenesis. The derivative Y chromosome might interfere in the meiotic stage of spermatogenesis, leading to the developmental arrest of germ cells. The present case illustrates that the infertility phenotype can have various causes. Also, it emphasizes the importance of accurate and various genetic analyses and could aid in male infertility treatment.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.217-224
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• 2019

Phthalates, endocrine disrupting chemicals, are similar in structure to sex hormones and mainly show reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity. In this study, we analyzed 11 phthalates, including 3 kinds of phthalates prohibited in cosmetic use and 8 kinds of phthalates regulated in 'Common standards for children's products safety' and EU cosmetic regulation (EC No. 1223/2009). The phthalate analysis was optimized using GC-MS/MS. In analytical method validation, this method was satisfied in specificity, linearity, recovery rate, accuracy and MQL. Therefore, we used this method to analyze 82 products of Nail cosmetics & polish. Although six phthalates such as DBP, BBP, DEHP, DPP, DIBP and DIDP were detected at concentrations of $1.0{\sim}59.8{\mu}g/g$g, they were suitable to Korean cosmetic standards. DIBP and DBP were detected at concentration of $1.1{\sim}2.6{\mu}g/g$ in artificial nail, DBP and DEHP were $1.4{\sim}2.5{\mu}g/g$ in glue for nails, and DIBP, DBP, and DEHP were $2.5{\sim}33.3{\mu}g/g$ in nail stickers. Although substances such as DBP and DEHP in artificial nail, Glue for nails, and nail stickers were detected, they were suitable to 'Common safety standards for children's products. DIBP is not a regulated substance in Korea but showed the third highest detection rate following DBP (84.6%) and DEHP (63.4%). The concentration of phthalates detected in nail products is considered to be safe in current standards but continuous monitoring and research about non-regulated substances are also needed to be considered.