• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.57-65
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• 2021

School closures during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have been outlined in studies from different disciplines, including economics, sociology, mathematical modeling, epidemiology, and public health. In this review, we discuss the implications of school closures in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic. Modeling studies of the effects of school closures, largely derived from the pandemic influenza model, on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 produced conflicting results. Earlier studies assessed the risk of school reopening by modeling transmission across schools and communities; however, it remains unclear whether the risk is due to increased transmission in adults or children. The empirical findings of the impact of school closures on COVID-19 outbreaks suggest no clear effect, likely because of heterogeneity in community infection pressure, differences in school closure strategies, or the use of multiple interventions. The benefits of school closings are unclear and not readily quantifiable; however, they must be weighed against the potential high social costs, which can also negatively affect the health of this generation.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.433-441
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• 2007

Creativity has very important significance to children. Although active researches and educations on other studies (for instance, mathematics, science, logics, music, etc) are being done, evaluation or development on children's creativity in design is very inadequate. Therefore, this study is a basic research to develop evaluation to judge design creativity of children as an incipient stage of educational method development to develop children's creativity in design. Evaluation categories (originality - novelty/fun, practicality-function/possibility) that can evaluate design creativity of children were drawn out based on documentary records, and as the results or performing experimental research to figure out correlativity between creativity of idea and design creativity targeting children in second grade of elementary school, subordinate provinces of idea's creativity related to design creativity were fluency and elaboration. However, it does not mean that fluency and delicacy are the only subordinate provinces of idea's creativity related to design creativity, but they are more influential compared to other provinces (creativity, abstractness of title, and resistance to premature closure) This study is to prepare basic framework of educational method to improve design creativity education of children, and has its meaning to complement what are lacked in design creativity through the educational method.