• Development and Reproduction
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2002

In oocyte retrieval, a vein anesthetic drug is commonly used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. Propofol and Thiopental sodium are frequently used for ultrasound-guided transvaginal oocyte retrieval. The present study aimed to assess the effects of Propofol and Thiopental on in vitro fertilization(IVF). Immature porcine oocytes were exposed to various concentrations ot Propofo1 and Thiopental sodium. The rates of oocyte maturation, fertilization and development were observed. The parthenogenetic effects of the anesthetics were also evaluated. The rate of oocyte maturation after exposure to high concentrations of the anesthetics for long time was significantly higher than that of the control. But the rate of fertilization after long-time exposure to the high concentration of the anesthetic drugs was significantly lower than that of the control. The results support that Propofo1 serves like other anesthetics described, as a parthenogenetic activator. Oocytes exposed to Thiopental sodium showed decreased rates of maturation and fertilization. These results suggest that usage of optimum concentration of anesthetic drug is important in increasing the rates of oocyte maturation, fertilization and development in IVF.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.85-90
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• 2003

This study examined the viability of canine oocytes following storage at 4 or 38$^{\circ}C$ for 5 h. Cumulus intact oocytes were collected from domestic dog following ovariohysterectomy at local veterinary clinics. In Exp I, the oocytes that collected from ovary transport different temperatures (4 or 38$^{\circ}C$) for 5 h, were cultured for (24 or 48 h). Survivability of oocytes judged by morphological appearance and PI (propidium iodide) staining. The survival rates at 4$^{\circ}C$ ovary transport group showed significantly lower than control group (0%; 0/129 vs. 72.9%; 129/177) 48 h after culture (P<0.05). In Exp II, to assess nuclear maturation of control group oocytes (ovary transported at 38$^{\circ}C$) after in vitro cultured for 24, 48 or 96 h. After 24 h and 48 h of culture, the metaphase I to metaphase II stages (MI to MII) was 8.3% (6/72) and 8.9% (9/101), and which was not increased at 96h (9.5%; 8/84). These results show that canine oocytes remarkably sensitive to low temperature and the percentage of oocytes reaching MI to MII did not increase 96 h after culture.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.95-103
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• 2001

연구목적: 본 연구는 생쥐 preantral follicles의 체외 배양 조건을 확립하고 이를 기초로 높은 체외 발달률 그리고 산자 생산률을 얻고자 하였다. 연구재료 및 방법 : Preantral follicles의 oocyte-granulosa cell complexes (OGCs)는 생후 12일된 FI ($C57BL{\times}CBA$)으로부터 난소를 적출하여 효소를 이용한 방법을 통해 획득하였다. 회수된 complexes는 10일 또는 12일 동안 체외 성장을 위해 Transwell-COL membrane insert로 옮겨졌고 5% FBS, 100 mIU/ml FSH, 100 mIU/ml hMC가 첨가된 ${\alpha}MEM$에서 배양되었다. 체외 성숙을 위해 1.5 IU/ml hCG가 첨가된 ${\alpha}MEM$에서 18 hrs 배양을 실시하였다. 그 후 M16에서 수정능력이 획득된 정자와 수정을 하여 4 hrs, 7 hts, 9 hrs 후에 10% FBS가 첨가된 modified M16 배양액에서 4일간 배양하거나 또는 bovine cumulus cell과 co-culture를 실시하였다. 그리고 형태적으로 정상적인 22개의 상실배와 포배를 2마리의 위임신 대리모 (ICR)의 자궁에 이식하여 산자 생산을 유도하였다. 결과: 1) OGCs 크기가 mouse preantral follicles의 핵 및 세포질 성숙에 미치는 영향을 조사하였을 때 $120{\sim}150{\mu}m$의 preantral follicles (MII: 33.0%, 난할률: 36.7%, 상실배 이상; 20.9%)은 핵 및 세포질 성숙에 있어서 $70{\sim}110{\mu}m$ (MII: 12.2%, 난할률: 10.2%, 상실배 이상: 4.8%)보다 더 높았다(p<0.001). 2)체외 성장기간의 연장이 mouse preantral follicles의 핵 및 세포질 성숙에 미치는 영향을 조사하였을 때 10일 (난할률: 38.2%)은 12일 (난할률: 20.0%)보다 난할률에서만 더 높았다 (p<0.01). 3) 체외 수정 시간의 연장이 mouse preantral follicle의 세포질 성숙에 미치는 영향을 조사하였을 때 9 hrs (난할룰 31.5%, 상실배 이상: 14.3%)은 4 hrs (난할률: 17.5%, 상실배 이상: 4.8%), 7 hrs (난할률: 20.4%, 상실배 이상: 6.1%) 보다 세포질성숙에 있어서 유의하게 높은 발달률을 나타냈다 (p<0.01). 4) 공배양이 mouse preantral follicle의 세포질성숙에 미치는 영향을 조사하였을 때 공배양 (상실배 이상: 17.4%)을 실시했을 때와 M16 (상실배 이상17.4%)에서 배양되었을 때는 차이가 없었다. 5)preantral follicle의 크기 ($120{\sim}150{\mu}m$), 체외 성장기간 (10일), 체외 수정 기간 (9시간), 배양 환경 (단지 medium만 존재)의 적절한 결과들을 종합하여 수행하였을 때 MII 성숙률, 난할률, 상실배 이상의 발달률은 30.2%, 39.3%, 22.5%이었고 총 22개의 상실배 및 포배를 2마리의 대리모에 이식했을 때 1마리가 임신했고 1마리의 산자를 생산했다. 결론: 따라서, 본 실험은 preantral follicle을 이용한 체외 배양 시스템이 생쥐 oocyte를 공급하는 또 다른 방법으로 효과적으로 이용될 수 있다는 것을 시사한다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.285-291
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• 2008

Objective: This study was performed to investigate whether cumulus morphology and oocyte diameter influence on in vitro maturation (IVM) of human germinal vesicle (GV) stage oocytes obtained from stimulated in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. Methods: Forty-one GV stage oocytes were obtained from 21 patients who received ovarian hyperstimulation and IVF. According to cumulus morphology before denudation, GV oocytes were classified into oocytes with dispersed cumulus cells (CCs) or compacted CCs. The diameters of denuded oocytes, both including and excluding the zona pellucida, were measured. All oocytes were cultured in commercial IVM medium. Maturation was defined as extrusion of the first polar body and the matured oocytes were inseminated by ICSI method. Results: Overall maturation and fertilization rate were 56.1% and 73.9%. Matured oocytes had significantly higher proportion of oocytes with dispersed CCs compared to oocytes failed to mature (91.3% vs. 55.6%, p=0.023). There were no significant differences of oocytes outer ($155.7{\mu}m$ vs. $152.4{\mu}m$, NS), inner ($114.3{\mu}m$ vs. $113.4{\mu}m$, NS) diameters and zona thicknesses ($41.3{\mu}m$ vs. $39.1{\mu}m$, NS) between matured and not-matured oocytes. In-vitro maturation rate of oocytes with dispersed CCs was significantly higher than which of oocytes with compacted CCs (67.7% vs. 20.0%, p=0.044). Oocyte diameters (outer and inner) and thicknesses were not related with maturational competence. Conclusion: Our results suggest that in vitro maturational competence of GV stage oocytes obtained from stimulated IVF cycles is closely associated with the cumulus morphology but not oocyte diameter.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.711-724
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• 2003

Some growth curve models were used to fit individual growth of 1,083 Hanwoo cows born from 1970 to 2001 in Daekwanryeong branch, National Livestock Research Institute(NLRI). The effects of year-season of birth and age of dam were analyzed. In analysis of variance for growth curve parameters, the effects of birth year-season were significant for mature weight(A), growth ratio(b) and maturing rate(k)(P〈.01). The effects of age of dam were significant for growth ratio(b) but not significant for mature weight(A) and maturing rate(k). The linear term of the covariate of age at the final weights was significant for the A(P〈.01) and k(P〈.01) of Gompertz model, von Bertalanffy model and Logistic model. For the growth curve parameters fitted on individual data using Gompertz model, von Bertalanffy model and Logistic model, resulting the linear contrasts(fall-spring), Least square means of A in three nonlinear models were higher cows born at fall and A of Logistic model was significant(P〈.05) between the seasons. According to the results of the least square means of growth curve parameters by age of dam, least square means of mature weight(A) in Gompertz model was largest in 6 year and smallest estimating for 3 and 8 years of age of dam. The growth ratio(b) was largest in 2 year of age of dam and smallest estimating in 8 year. The A and k were not different by age of dam(p〉.05), On the other hand, the b was different by age of dam(p〈.01). The estimate of A in von Bertalanffy model was largest in 6 year and smallest in 8 and 9 years of age of dam. The b was largest in 2 year and tend to decline as age of dam increased. The A and k were not different by age of dam(p〉.05), On the other hand, the b was highly significant by age of dam(p〈.01).

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.175-186
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• 2009

Objective: We examined the effect of different culture media on oocyte maturation. Methods: Four groups of media, (1) 0.3% BSA mBASAL-XI-HTF, (2) 0.3% BSA mBASAL-XI-HTF with FSH, (3) 10% FBS mBASAL-XI-HTF and (4) 10% FBS mBASAL-XI-HTF with FSH were prepared. Mouse cumulus enclosed oocytes (CEOs) were incubated in each group of medium. Hypoxanthine (Hx) was mixed to each group of medium in increasing concentrations of 1 mM, 2 mM and 4 mM. CEOs were incubated and assessed for GVBD and MII development at 3, 6, 18 hours. Results: CEOs maturation to GVBD was seen in all four groups during 3 hours of culture, however MII stage of oocytes was seen after 6 hours. Complete arrest of GV stage in 4 mM Hx media without FSH and partial arrest in 2 mM Hx media without FSH were seen during 18 hours of culture but development was not suppressed in 1 mM Hx media without FSH. More prominent GVBD suppression was noted at early 3, 6 hours culture in 1 mM, 2 mM Hx media with FSH compared to media without FSH. But the suppression was recovered at 18 hours. This result suggests that low concentrated Hx and FSH supplemented media can suppress CEOs maturation during early culture period but recovery is resumed or even stimulated at late period. 1 mM, 2 mM Hx 10% FBS medium with FSH had significantly higher rates of MII development (71.7%, 66.7%) at 18 hours compared to other media. Conclusion: Our results show that low concentrated Hx and FSH supplemented 10% FBS media may stimulate MII development after an initial inhibitory effect.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.173-182
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• 2001

The present study was carried out to examine the effect of superoxide dismutase (SOD) on in vitro maturation (IVM) of porcine follicular oocytes and oxygen concentration with SOD on in vitro development (IVD) of porcine IVM/IVF embryos. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The rates of nuclear maturation, penetrated oocytes, polyspermic oocytes and mean numbers of the penetrated sperm were not different in the NCSU-23 maturation media with 0, 100, 500 and 1,000 units/ml SOD. However. the pronucleus formation rates were significantly lower in oocytes matured with addition groups than those of no addition groups of SOD (P>0.05). 2. The rates of blastocyst formation and total cell numbers of blastocyst at day 7 after in vitro fertilization were significantly lower in addition groups than those of the no addition groups of SOD (P>0.05). 3. The rates of blastocyst formation at day 7 after in vitro fertilization were higher in the NCSU-23 culture medium with 100 units/ml SOD than in those cultured with 0, 500 and 1,000 units/ml SOD under the 5% and 20% $O_2$concentrations. However, no differences was found in the total cell numbers of blastocyst among the treatments. In conclusion, these results suggested that the addition of SOD was not adequate for porcine oocyte maturation and further development, also the rates of blastocyst formation and total cell numbers of blastocyst at day 7 of porcine IVM/IVF embryos were not different in the NCSU-23 culture medium under the 5% and 20% $O_2$concentrations.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic variances of growth curve parameters in Hanwoo cows. The data used in this study were records from 1,083 Hanwoo cows raised at Hanwoo Experiment Station, National Livestock Research Institute(NLRI). First evaluation model(Model I) fit year-season of birth and age of dam as fixed effects and second model(Model II) added age at the final weight as a linear covariate to Model I. Heritability estimates of A, b and k from Gompertz model were 0.22, 0.11 and 0.07 using modelⅠ and 0.28, 0.11 and 0.12 using modelⅡ. Those from Von Bertalanffy model were 0.22, 0.11 and 0.07 using modelⅠ, 0.28, 0.11 and 0.12 using modelⅡ. Heritability estimates of A, b and k from Logistic model were 0.14, 0.07 and 0.05 using modelⅠ, 0.18, 0.07 and 0.12 using modelⅡ. Heritability estimates of A from Gompertz model were higher than those from Von Bertalanffy model or Logistic model in both model Ⅰand model Ⅱ. Heritability estimates of b from Logistic model were higher than those from Gompertz model or Von Bertalanffy model in both modelⅠand model Ⅱ. Heritability estimates of birth weight, weaning weight, 3 month weight, 6 month weight, 9 month weight, 12 month weight, 18 month weight, 24 month weight, 36 month weight were after linear age adjustment 0.27, 0.11, 0.19, 0.14, 0.16, 0.23, 0.52 and 0.32, respectively. Heritability estimates of birth weight, weaning weight, 3 month weight, 6 month weight, 9 month weight and 24 month weight fit by Gompertz model were larger than those estimated from linearly adjusted data. Heritability estimates of 12 month weight, 18 month weight and 36 month weight fit by Von Bertalanffy model were larger than those estimated from linearly adjusted data. In the multitrait analyses for parameters from Gompertz model, genetic and phenotypic correlations between A and k parameters were －0.47 and －0.67 using modelⅠand －0.56 and －0.63 using model Ⅱ. Those between the A and b parameters were 0.69 and 0.34 using modelⅠand 0.72 and 0.37 using model Ⅱ. Those between the b and k parameters were －0.26 and 0.01 using modelⅠand －0.30 and 0.01 using model Ⅱ. In the multitrait analyses for parameters from Von Bertalanffy model, genetic and phenotypic correlations between A and k parameters were －0.49 and －0.67 suing model Ⅰ and －0.57 and －0.70 using modelⅡ. Those between the A and b parameters were 0.61 and 0.33 using modelⅠ and 0.60 and 0.30 using model Ⅱ. Those between the b and k parameters were －0.20 and 0.02 using modelⅠ and 0.16 and 0.00 using modelⅡ. In the multitrait analyses for parameters from Logistic model, genetic and phenotypic correlations between A and k parameters were －0.43 and －0.67 using model Ⅰ and －0.50 and －0.63 using modelⅡ. Those between the A and b parameters were 0.47 and 0.22 using modelⅠ and 0.38 and 0.24 using modelⅡ. Those between the b and k parameters were －0.09 and 0.02 using model Ⅰ and －0.02 and 0.13 using model Ⅱ.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2012.04a
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• pp.1159-1162
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• 2012

프로젝트 관리 성숙도(Project Management Maturity Model)란 프로젝트 관리 관련 업무 성숙도를 측정하는 것으로, 프로젝트 성공을 위해 관련 있는 업무가 어느 정도 수준으로 진행되고 있는가를 평가하는 목적으로 주로 사용된다. 본 논문에서는 프로젝트 관리 성숙도를 활용하여 프로젝트 관리 성숙도가 범위, 일정, 그리고 원가에 미치는 영향을 연구 하였다. 연구 결과로 프로젝트 관리 성숙도가 낮으면 범위 변경률이 커지고, 일정이 지연되며, 비용 또한 초과되는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 성과를 토대로 기업이 프로젝트 관리 성숙도 향상을 위해 투자와 노력을 해야 한다는 것을 알 수 있다.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.151-156
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• 2010

For industrialization of the hard clams, Meretrix petechiails (Lamarck), spawning was induced per spawning induction technique in the artificial maturation group administered of parent maturation control and the natural maturation group of which parents were transported for artificial spawning per time period. Then, fertilization rates, hatching rates and D-shaped larva development rates were investigated. In addition, growth and survival rates of larvae were investigated per larva breeding technique. The results of spawning induction by exposure in the artificial maturation group indicated that response rates were relatively higher at 23% and 32% respectively at the 4th hour and the 8th hour of exposure. In terms of water temperature increase, responses began only when the temperature reached $28^{\circ}C$ or higher. In the experiment group administered with both exposure and water temperature increase techniques, response rate was found to be 45% or higher at the 4th hour of exposure and the temperature of $28^{\circ}C$. At the temperatures of 29, 30 and $31^{\circ}C$, significant differences were not observed. Therefore, it was indicated that the response rates of parent hard clams were higher toward water temperature increase than exposure time. As for spawning induction per time period of the transported parent group, response rate and D-shaped larva development rate were the highest at 67.6% and 96% respectively on August 6, 2009. In terms of water temperatures during larva breeding experiment, growth was faster as water temperature was higher. In addition, growth and survival rates were relatively higher at the salinity of 25. In terms of stocking density, growth and survival rates were relatively higher at 5 inds./mL.