• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.5
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• pp.49-57
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• 2004

The Divine Bell of King Seongdeok was completed in 771 A.D. It is a true masterpiece both grand in its size and style (height 3.66 m, diameter 2.23 m, thickness 20.3 cm, weight 18.9 ton), illustrating the essence of the Korean bronze culture. However, there are no remaining records about its casting: where the raw material came from, how the materials were mixed and how the bell was casted. The absence of such records has limited the understanding of the bell. This article contains analysis of three samples collected from a protruding part inside of the bell during a safety test for the bell by the Gyeongju National Museum. The main issues are the element composition of the bell, microstructure on the casting time and the source where the raw material came from.

• The Magazine of the IEIE
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.110-122
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• 2004

성덕대왕 신종은 서기 771년(신라 혜공왕 7년)에 완성된 것으로 성덕대왕의 공적을 기리기 위해 34년간 주조(높이 3.663m, 최대지름 2.227m, 무게 18.900kg, 7.7∼21.5㎝)하여 만든 세계적인 문화유산이다.(중략)

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.24
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• pp.55-74
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• 2020

The Sacred Bell of Great King Seongdeok is required digital precision recording of conservation conditions because of corrosion and partial abrasion of its patterns and inscriptions. Therefore, this study performed digital documentation of the bell using four types of scanning and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry technologies, and performed the various shape analyses through image processing. The modeling results of terrestrial laser scanning and UAV photogrammetry were merged and utilized as basic material for monitoring earthquake-induced structural deformation because these techniques can construct mutual spatial relationships between the bell and its tower. Additionally, precision scanning at a resolution four to nine times higher than that of the previous study provided highly valuable information, making it possible to visualize the patterns and inscriptions of the bell. Moreover, they are well-suited as basic data for identifying surface conservation conditions. To actively apply three-dimensional scanning results to the conservation of the original bell, the time and position of any changes in shape need to be established by further scans in the short-term. If no change in shape is detected by short-term monitoring, the monitoring should continue in medium- and long-term intervals.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.91-100
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• 1998

본 논문에서는 지수함수적 감쇄신호의 매개변수를 효율적으로 추정하기 위한 신호 모델링 기법을 제안한다. 이 방법은 맥놀이 주파수 성분을 갖으면서 과도기 형태 신호인 성 덕대왕 신종의 음파(공중음파 및 지중음파)를 분석하기 위하여 개발되었으며 선형예측모델 을 기본으로 하고 있다. 제안된 방법은 일반적인 데이터 행렬 대신에 자기상관 유사행렬을 사용하였으며 SVD 방법을 이용하여 매개변수를 추정한다. 성덕대왕 신종의 스펙트럼 및 감 쇄계수 특성을 분석하기 위하여 제안된 방법을 수집한 데이터에 적용하였고 분석결과를 토 대로하여 고유주파수 신호의 감쇄계수 및 움통의 역할도 규명하였다.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.288-297
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• 2012

This study proposes a design model of the variable type resonator which corrects the temperature variance according to the season, in order to maximize the resonance effect in the Sacred bell of the Great King Seongdeok. In the bell, the 1st natural frequency (64 Hz) and the 2nd natural frequency (168 Hz) are the most important partial tones. Resonance conditions of the two components are determined for the internal acoustic cavity system, which consists of bell body cavity, gap and the resonator. Acoustic frequency response characteristics of the internal cavity are determined by the boundary element analysis using SYSNOISE. As an external factor, temperature variance according to the season largely influences the resonance condition and the length of the resonator should be controlled to maximize the resonance effect. As a measure, this study proposes a design model of the variable type resonator for the Sacred Bell of the Great King Seongdeok, which can control the length at the belfry according to the season.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.186-193
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• 2017

Silla Great Bell was manufactured in order to ring for the new millennium in succession to King Seongdeok Divine Bell. This study investigates how Silla Great Bell is similar to King Seongdeok Divine Bell in respect of structure and sound. First, design and manufacturing processes are introduced and dimensions of the two bells are compared and the similarity is estimated. Three main characteristics of the sound of a Korean bell are magnificent and harmonic striking sound, dynamic beat, and long lasting hum tone. These three features are compared and objectively estimated using physical parameters. The purpose of the study is to provide useful information to manufacture Korean bell which has beautiful appearance and excellent sound.

• The Magazine of the IEIE
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.766-766
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• 2004

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.25-37
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• 2004

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• spring
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• pp.263-266
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• 2002

성덕대왕 신종은 771년도에 성덕대왕의 공적을 기리기 위해 34년간 주조(높이 3.663m, 최대지름 2.227m, 무게 18,900kg)하여 만든 세계적인 문화유산이다. 외형도 미려하지만 종소리는 천, 지, 인을 뒤흔드는 신비감을 갖추고 있다. 에밀레 종소리는 끊어질 듯 이어지는 소리, 애끓는 소리, 심금을 울리는 소리 등의 특징을 갖는데 끊어질듯 이어지는 소리는 맥놀이 현상으로 나타난다. 지금까지 맥놀이 현상의 규명에 대한 많은 연구가 있었다. 여기에는 우리 선조들이 750년경에 과학적 근거를 토대로 하여 응용이 가능하였음을 알 수 있다. 그러나 근래에 와서 웅장하고 신비로운 신금을 울리는 소리가 두드러지게 나오지 않는다. 결론적으로 근래의 낙후된 에밀레 종으로 인해서 변형된 종소리와 예전의 고유한 종소리를 분석하고 우리 민족의 지혜와 숨결이 스며있는 세계적인 문화유산인 에밀레 종소리 복원이 강구되어야 하며 과학적이고 체계적인 관리가 요구되어야 한다.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.223-230
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• 2011

Korean bell is hung with some air gap between the bell bottom and the ground. In addition, it has a peculiar acoustic element, so called resonance cavity below the bell. A proper design of the air gap and cavity size dramatically amplifies the bell sound by resonance effect. Bell interior cavity, air gap and resonance cavity consist of an acoustic cavity system. When the acoustic cavity frequency coincides with the natural frequency of the bell body, the frequency component is significantly amplified. On the Sacred Bell of the Great King Seongdeok, this study proposes a resonance condition of the cavity system considering air gap effect for the first time. With the exact dimension of the bell, boundary element analysis is performed using SYSNOISE. Finally, this study reveals how the temperature in season influences the resonance condition and proposes a concept of variable type resonance cavity. By using the variable type resonance cavity, the cavity size is controlled on site and exact resonance is available regardless of temperature difference in season.