• KOMUNHWA
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• no.22
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• pp.89-97
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• 1983

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.1161-1169
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• 1999

This research was aimed to identify the artifact type and their characteristics of the textile related materials excavated from Koryo Dynasty tombs of Hyungok-ni Danyang. Microscopy solubility test energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) fabric density test were used for the identification and when necessary standard samples were made in order to compare its characteristics with hose of the original artifact, the result indicated that the artifacts included both textile and paper. Artifacts from Burial 14 were comprised of textile fragments FT-IR and the solubility test conducted on the artifact indicated that the textiles were made with ramie woven with plain weave technique in a fairly loose fabric density. Rest of the artifacts were all comprised of paper.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.17
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• pp.48-64
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• 1996

We compared the degree of color difference formed by environmental factor(temperature, relative humidity) with fungal growth in order to know how to change the color difference of cellulolutic cultural properties such as Korean papers, cotton, jute and hemp. We concluded, from the result, that the action of fungal growth on celluloytic cultural properties was more hamful than environmental factor. We considered the secretion produced by fungi as the causative agent for stained formation on cellulolytic cultural properties. Alternaria sp. colored allmaterials greyish black, Chaetomium sp. colored cotton and hemp orange, and Penicllium sp. colored cotton, jute and hemp yellowish green. But Trichoderma sp. and Aspergillus sp. didn't show a clear color against each material. It was observed that thymol(120g/$m^3$) was the most effective fungicide to prevent fungal growth.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.11
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• pp.1-9
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• 1990

The environmental controls for good conservation of all textile materials are follow as :1) Special RH conditions on textiles keep to the usually advocated 50∼55%.2) The effect of the temperature is too small to worry about in the applicable range, that is $20^{\circ}C$.3) It is important to keep soiling by air borne dirt to a minimum by an air filter or putting textiles in cases.4) Sulphur dioxide must be rekoved by an activated carbon filter or a water spray. And this concentration below $50\muGm^3$ can be regarded assatisfactory.5) Oxygen plays a part of deterioration proceses. The effect of nitrogend andinert gases in sealed show cases should be further studied.6) Ozone is detrimental to textiles. It can be removed by activated carbonfilter.7) The removal of UV radiation and blue light can be expected to increase the lifetime of dyeing and strength of fiber.50 lux is suggested for sensitive textile materials.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.14
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• pp.225-250
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• 1981

The investigation of air fungal population in the storages to keep papers and textiles that are designated as important folk life materials or treasures was carried out from Dec. 17 to. 23, 1980. Isolation media was used for malt extract agar with chloramphnicol to prevent bacterial contamination. Isolation and identification of air fungi from the four preserved rooms were Cladosporium cladosporioides, Alternaria chlamydospora, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. versicolor, Eurotium chevalieri, Penicillium charlesii var. rapidum, P. oxalicum. P. viridicatum, Trichoderma viride, Acremomium sp., Mucor sp. and Yeast. It was found that nine species in eight genera was isolated. Among them, underscribed species in Korea was two species ; Eurotium chevalieri and Penicillium visidicatum. The fungal population of four storages was showed to be dominant species such as Cladosporium cladosporioides and the order was Acremonium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Alternaria and Eurotium. Eurotium chevalieri was ascomycetous fungi including distinctive ascospores in cleistothecia, the filamentous fungi was directly isolated from the papers and cellulose materials showing to be fourteen species in eight genera. The most species of the fungi isolated was also Cladosporium cladosporioides and the other fungi were found as Acremonium, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Trichoderma. It was confirmed that underscribed fungi were two species ; Mucor racemosus and Penicillium spinulosvm. The effect of four antifungal agents, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, dehydroacetic acid and thymol was also examined on eight species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium. and Tricoderma. this results were shown that more than 0.5% concentration of thymol inhibited the grow of all fungalspecies and other three chemicals appeared various inhibition zones of fungal growth depending in their different concentrations.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 1987

Cellulolytic mocrooganisms were isolated from the cellulose-cultural properties. Among them, Aspergillus clavatus with the highest cellulase activity was identified by the morphological characteristics and it's enzyme activities were compared on the various cultural conditions. It was found that the induction of carboxymethylcellulase(CMCase), avicelase and salicinase in CMC liquid media showed the highest enzyme acitivity on five day's cultivation at $30^{\circ}C$ and thereafter their activities were gradually decreased with time. After crude extracellular enzymes precipitated with the 70% saturated ammonium sulfate solution were dialyzed with 20 mM acetate buffer pH 6.0, each crude enzyme was examined. The optimal activities of CMCase and avicelase were both found to be at $50^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.0. Their thermal stability was appeared at the $50^{\circ}C$. CMCase and avicelase had the maxima activities with 1.5% and 2.2% substrate concentration, respectively. The concentration of 5 mM $Mg^{++}$ or $Ca^{++}$ was found to have a maximum cellulase activity and its activity was inhibited with more than 5 mM $Cu^{++}$ and $Zn^{++}$ concentration. Cellulase activity was also inhibited sensitively by the inhibitors such as 2-mercaptoethanol, iodine and sodium azide.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.17
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• pp.65-99
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• 1996

We exanmined the each effect of $NO_2$ and $SO_2$gas, the maincomponets of air pollutants, on the deterioration of 6 organic materials with Gasexposure cabinet. The organic materials were used 2 kind of papers(Korean paper, Oldbook paper) and 4 kind of textiles (Cotton, Silk, Hemp, ramie) in gas exposure experiments. In order to know how to change of physical conditions, the materials were exposed to 2000, 1000 ppm. h of $SO_2$dose, to 100 ppm. h of $NO_2$ dose at 65% RH. The color difference, tensile strength, elongation coeffient, mass reduction and fabric status of each materials were discussed the following below.1. The color difference of cotton and hemp was larger than that of silk and ramie in the presence of $SO_2$ gas. and the color difference of korean paper was less than that of the textile materials in the presence of $SO_2$ gas.2. The tensile strength of cotton fell suddenly at 100ppm.h of $SO_2$ dose and even became 56% of the unexposed cotton.3. The weight of 6 materials began to decrease in the presence of $SO_2$ gas.4. The tensile strength and elongation of the materials tended to decrease at 12.5ppm.h of $NO_2$ especially silk was the strongest tendency to decrease.5. Cotton, hemp and ramie were influenced by $SO_2$ gas more than by $NO_2$, but silk were influenced by $NO_2$ more thang by $SO_2$ at 10ppm.h of each noxious gas.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.39
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• pp.243-280
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• 2006

At the Bujang-ri Site, Seosan, South Chungcheong Province, around 220 archaeological features, including semi-subterranean houses and pits of Bronze Age and semi-subterranean houses, pits, and burials of Baekje period had been identified and investigated. In Particular, mound burials No. 5 of 13 of Baekje mound burials yielding a gilt-bronze cap along with other valuable artifacts drew international scholarly attention. The gilt-bronze cap from the mound burial No. 5 is a significant archaeological data not only in the study of Baekje archaeology but also in the study of international affairs and exchange at that time. At the time of exposure, the gilt-bronze cap was already broken into a number of pieces and seriously damaged by corrosion, and hardening and urethane foam were necessary in the process of collecting its pieces. Ahead of main conservational treatments on cap, X-ray photograph and CT(computerizes tomography) were taken in order to examine interior structure of the cap and to decide appropriate treatments. In the five layers identified in the profile of cap, a textile layer was set between a metal and a layerof bark of paper birch for avoiding direct contact of the metal and the bark of paper birch. Analyses were executed for examining textile layer and a layer of fibroid material. According to microscopic analysis, while the textile layer consisted of the simplest plain fabric with one fold among three kinds of textile structures, the layer of fibroid material was mixed with two or three kinds of fibers. A comparative analysis with standard sample using FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) announced that both textiles and fabrics were hemp. Analysis of kind of the paper birch resulted in barks of paper birch with 15 fold. A metallographic microscope, SEM, and WDS were used for the analysis of microscopic structures of plated metal pieces. While amalgam plating was treated as a plating method, the thickness of the plated layer, a barometer of plating technique, was ranged from $1.72{\mu}m$ to $8.67{\mu}m$. The degree of purity of gold (Au) used in plating was 98% in average, and less than 1% of silver (Ag) was included.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.5
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• pp.148-166
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• 1984

The Investigation of organisms damaged to papers and cellulose materials of Cultural Property in the Ch'ang Dok Palace The investigation of the airborne fungi, the attached fungi to the papers and cellulose materials of Cultural Properties in addition to the insects inhabiting at the Ku Sonwon Jon, Shin Sonwon Jon and Yonwa ch'anggo in the Ch'ang Dok Palace carried out from Jul. 10 to Jul. 21,1984.The results are summarized as follows ;1. Isolation and identification of the airborne fungi from the three storages were Cladosporium sp., Alternaria alternata, As pergillus cervinus, A. flavus, A. nidulance, A. oryzae, A. terreus, A. versicolor, A. wentii, Penicillium adametzii, P.albicans, P.canescens, P. citreo-viride, P. citrinums, P. decumbens, P. frequentans, P. funiculosum, P.herquei, P.implicatum, P.multicolor, P.nigricans, P.nonatum,P.purpurogenum, P.roqueforti, P.viridicatum, Trichodema viride, Geotrichumcandidum, Curvvlaria lunata, Torula hebarum, T.thermophila, Itersoniliasalmonicolor, Drechsclera avenue, Candida sp., Acremonium sp., and Botrytis sp., It was found that thirty five species in thirteen genera was isolated. Among them, the dominant species was Cladosporium sp., and the order was Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria and so on.2. The attached fungi directly isolated from the papers and cellulose materials of Cultural Properties were twenty-nine species in fourteen genera, namely, Acremonium sp., Albertiniella sp., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus clavatus,A.niger, A.ornatus, A.versicolor, Botrytis sp., Bysochlamys sp., Carpenteles sp.,Chaetomium globosum, Cladosporium sp., Eurotium sp., Mucor sp., Penicilliumcanescens, P.chermesium, P.citrinum, P.frequentans, P.funiculosum, P.herqueiP .implicatum, P.javanicum, P.luteum, P.purpurogenum, P.thomii, P.viridicatum, Torula thermophila, Trichoderma koningi and T.viride. Among them, the mostfungi distributed on the surface of the papers and cellulose materials was Penicillium and the order was Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Trichodermaand so on.3. The insects collected the three storages were ten genera and ten species including 916 specimens. By classifying the insects collected, the most species of the insects was Stenoscelodes hayashii of 857 specimens occupied about 93% of the total insect. And the other insects were collected as Microgamme costipennisAnobium pertinax, Xenomimetes alni, Anthrenus verbasci, Holoparmecus signatus,Thermobia domestica, Halyomorpha brevis, Drosophila coracine and Brattaorientalis. As described above, it could be known that the most airborne fungi was Cladosporium and the order was Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria in the three storages. And the most attached fungi distributed on the surface of papers and cellulose materials was Penicillium and the other fungi were Aspergillus, Alternaria Cladosporium, Trichoderma and so on. Accordingly, from the results, itwas assumed that the major part of airborne fungi were attached to the papers and cellulose materials of Cultural Properties. The paper and cellulose materials of Cultural Properties in Ch'ang Dok Palace were chiefly damaged by S.hayashii in Coleoptera.