• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.31-48
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• 1995

The Jurassic Kwanaksan stock, so far known to be composed of biotite granite only, has the mineral assemblage of quartz+K-feldspar+plagioclase+biotite${\pm}$gernet. The lithology of the stock is classified as alkali feldspar granite by their mode and plagioclase compositions (An<5). Subsolvus feldspars, rather early crystallization of biotite, and shallow emplacement depth estimated from Q-Ab-Or diagram suggest hydrous nature of the magma, which contrasts with anhydrous A-type like geochemistry described below. Major and trace element compositions of the Kwanaksan stock are distinct from those of the adjacent Seoul batholith, suggesting a genetic difference between the two, The Kwanaksan stock shows geochemical characteristics similar to A-type granite in contrast to most other Mesozoic granites in Korea, in that it has high $SiO_2$(73~78wt%), $Na_2O+K_2O$, Ga(27~47 ppm). Nb(22~40 ppm), Y(48~95 ppm), Fe/Mg and Ga/Al, and low CaO(<0.51 wt%). Ba (8~75 ppm) and Sr(2~23 ppm). However, it has lower Zr and LREE and higher Rb(384~796 ppm) than typical A-type granite. LREE-depleted rare earth element pattern with strong negative Eu anomaly of previous studies is reinterpreted as representing source magma characteristics. The residual material during partial melting is not compatible with pyroxenes, amphibole or garnet, while significant amount of plagioclase is required. Similarity of geochemistry of the Kwanaksan stock to A-type granite suggests the origin of the stock has a chose relationship with that of A-type granite. These observations lead us to propose that the Kwanaksan stock was formed by partial melting of felsic source rock.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.301-311
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• 1990

The agriculture of Korea was begun in the neolithic era partly and generalized around 4,000 B.C. Discovery of acorn and stoneworks used in agriculture in neolithic era in 8,000 B.C to 6,000 B.C suggests that prehistoric ancestors of Korean night use acorn, hazel-nuts, and haws, etc. as foods. Cultivation of chestnuts, peaches, plums, pears, and japanese apricots was found in Mahan, the tribal states, and in the period of three kingdoms and Balhae dynasty too. In the period of Koryo, pears, plums, japanese apricots, pine nuts, apricots, grapes, jujubes, gingko nuts, oranges, and citrons were cultivated and used in diet. Sejongsilrokjiriji(1454), a geography of the early chosun, and Sinjungtonggukyojisungnam(1492) show that they cultivated almost all fruits we are now cultivating such as hazel-nuts, haws, nutmeg nut, and so on. Loquats seem to be brought in the early chosun era and figs around 16th century. Pecans, sweet cherries were brought around 1,900 and recently tropical fruits like kiwis were brought in and used in a large scale. In addition, Some fruits were used in medical treatments. Fruits increase the pleasure of the diet and sometimes they are used as a measure of a standard of living. Fruits have been improved and used for a long time, their status in our diet will be maintained resolutly.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2001

The charnockite of Jirisan area occurs within the Precambrian high grade metamorphic terrane associated with anorthosite body as many foreign examples. Sm-Nd ages were determined from whole rock-garnet pairs, which turned out $1827\pm$32($2\sigma$) Ma for the massive charnockite and $1820\pm$22(2$\sigma$) Ma for the foliated charnockite with $$\varepsilon$_{Nd}(T)$ of $-5.5\pm$0.2 and $-6.0\pm$0.5 respectively. $^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr$ initial ratios calculated with the these ages are 0.71319 and 0.71532 respectively. The fact that massive and foliated charnockites show identical age, identical Nd isotopic initial ratio, and similar Sr isotopic initial ratios suggest that they were generated at the same time from the same material even through their present textures are different. Initial ratios of Nd and Sr of the charnockites are quite distinct from the mantle values indicating the influence of continental crust. Sm-Nd age determined from the titanium bearing anorthositic rocks intruding the anorthosite body, using mineral separates of garnet, plagioclase, and mafic fraction, is $1792\pm$90(2$\sigma$) Ma with $$\varepsilon$_{Nd}(T)=-3.9$\pm$0.2$. The ^${87}Sr/^{86}Sr$ initial ratios calculated with this age are 0.70616~0.70619. The charnockites and the anorthositic rocks occurring in contact each other also reveal the same age within the error, which suggest a genetic relationship between them. However, chemical compositions of the charnockites and Hadong-Sancheong anorthosites cannot be explained by igneous differentiation. Their differences in Nd and Sr initial isotopic ratios indicate different source materials. Therefore, temporal association between them suggests the possibility of the anorthosite acting as a thermal source for the generation of the charnockite as other studies.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.32-51
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• 2016

This study examines, based on the database of the Institute for the Translation of Korean Classics(ITKC), the garden plants and their symbolism, and the landscape culture recorded in 'Jipkyungjaeyoungsi(the Series of Poems on Gardens Poetry)' in relevance to traditional houses. First, Jipkyungjaeyoungsi had been continuously written since mid-Goryeo dynasty, when it was first brought in, until the late Joseon dynasty. It was mainly enjoyed by the upper class who chose the path of civil servants. 33 pieces of Jaeyoungsi(題詠詩) in 25 books out of a total of 165 books are related to residential gardens. The first person who wrote a poem in relation to this is believed to be Lee GyuBo(1168~1241) in the late Goryeo dynasty. He is believed to be the first person to contribute to the expansion of natural materials and the variation of entertainment in landscape culture with such books as 'Toesikjaepalyoung(退食齋八詠)', 'Gabeunjeungyukyoung(家盆中六詠)'and 'Gapoyukyoung(家圃六詠)'. Second, most of the poems used the names of the guesthouses. Out of the 33 sections, 19(57.5%) used 8 yeong(詠), then it was in the sequence of 4 yeong(詠), 6 yeong, 10 yeong, 14 yeong, 15 yeong, 16 yeong, 36 yeong(詠) and so on. In the poem writing, it appears to break the patterns of Sosangpalkyung(瀟湘八景) type of writings and is differentiated by (1) focusing on the independent title of the scenery, (2) combining the names of the place and landscape, (3) focusing on the name of the landscape. Third, the subtitles were derived from (1) mostly natural landscape focused on nature and garden plants(22 sections, 66.7%), (2) cultural landscape focused on landscape facilities such as guesthouses, ponds and pavilions(3 sections), (3) complex cultural scenery focused on the activities of people in nature(8 sections). Residents enjoy not only their aesthetic preferences and actual view, but the ideation of the scenery. Especially, they display attachment to and preference for vegetables and herbs, which had been neglected. Fourth, the percentage of deciduous tree population(17 species) rated higher(80.9%) compared to the evergreens(4 species). These aspects are similar results with the listed rate in 'Imwonkyungjaeji(林園經濟志)' by Seo YuGu [evergreen 18 species(21.2%) and deciduous trees 67 species(78.8%)] and precedent researches [Byun WooHyuk(1976), Jung DongOh(1977), Lee Sun(2006)]. Fifth, the frequency of the occurrence of garden plants were plum blossoms(14 times), bamboos(14 times), pine trees(11 times), lotus(11 times), chrysanthemum(10 times), willows(5 times), pomegranates(4 times), maple trees(14 times), royal foxglove trees, common crapemyrtle, chestnut trees, peony, plantains, reeds and a cockscombs(2 times). Thus, the frequency were higher with symbolic plants in relations to (1) Confucian norms(pine trees, oriental arbor vitae, plum blossoms, chrysanthemums, bamboos and lotus), (2) living philosophy of sustain-ability(chrysanthemum, willow), (3) the ideology of seclusion and seeking peace of mind(royal foxglove ree, bamboo). Sixth, it was possible to trace plants in the courtyard and outer garden, vegetable and herb garden. Many symbolic plants were introduced in the courtyard, and it became cultural landscape beyond aesthetic taste. In the vegetable and herb garden, vegetables, fruits and medicinal plants are apparently introduced for epigenetic use. The plants that were displayed to be observed and enjoyed were the sweet flag, pomegranate, daphne odora, chrysanthemum, bamboo, lotus and plum blossom. Seventh, it was possible to understand garden culture related to landscaping materials through poetic words such as pavilions, ponds, stream, flower pot, oddly shaped stones, backyard, orchard, herb garden, flower bed, chrysanthemum fence, boating, fishing, passing the glass around, feet bathing, flower blossom, forest of apricot trees, peach blossoms, stroking the pine tree, plum flower blossoming through the snow and frosted chrysanthemum.

• Proceedings of the Mineralogical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.58-59
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• 2001

부산에서 북동쪽으로 대략 25km 떨어진 지점에 위치하고 있는 일광광산 부근의 지질은 백악기 화산암ㆍ퇴적암 그리고 이를 관입한 화강암류와 이 암주 내에 발달하는 구리-중석을 함유하고 있는 각력파이프광상으로 이루어져 있다. 일광광산의 화강암류는 거의 타원형으로 felsic한 중앙부와 mafic한 양상의 주변부로 나뉘어지며, 암주 내에 수직적인 원통형의 각력파이프가 광화대를 이루고 있고, 그 주변에는 모암변질대가 발달되어 있다. 각력파이프를 충진하고 있는 vein과 화강암의 중앙부에는 전기석이 풍부하게 산출되고 있다. 일광광산에서 산출되는 전기석은 야외 관찰시 각력파이프 중심에서부터 외곽부쪽으로 전기석의 풍부함이 감소하며 산출형태도 달라진다. 파이프에서 대략반경 150m내에서 전기석은 침상형 의 방사상 모양 내지 rosettes형으로 풍부하게 산출되며, 화강암내의 mafic한 암편을 치환한 형태로 산출되기도 한다. 암주의 중앙부 주변부에서는 거의 미세한 구상형으로 산재되어 나타나고 있다. 전기석은 복잡한 화학식 {(Na, Ca)(Fe, Mg)$_3$(Al, Li)$_{6}$(BO$_3$)$_3$Si$_{6}$O$_{18}$ (OH, F)$_4$}을 갖는 붕산 규산염광물이다. 이러 한 다양한 성분은 마그마의 진화과정, 모암의 특성, 온도, 압력, 성분과 같은 물리ㆍ화학적 성질에 따라 전기석의 성분이 체계적으로 변하기 때문에 모암과 전기석 기원과의 상관관계를 파악할 수 있다. 파이프 부근의 화강암류는 현미 경상에서 전기석이 석류석과 같이 풍부하게 나타나며 장석들은 변질받은 상태로 세리사이트, 녹렴석으로 나타나고, 흑운모와 각섬석은 녹니석화되어 변질된 상태를 보이고 있다. 파이프 중심에서 외곽부로 갈수록 전기석의 함량은 줄어들고 있고 장석들이 알바이트ㆍ칼스베드 쌍정을 보이며, 흑운모가 각섬석보다는 우세하게 나타나고 있다. 전기석은 주상 결정, 자형 내지 반자형의 입자로 다색성을 보이며, 결정 중심에서 가장자리로 갈수록 파란색과 황갈색의 광학적 누대구조를 관찰할 수 있다. 일광광산에서 산출되는 전기석에 대한 현미경 관찰은 열수기원임을 지시하고 있다. 야외조사와 현미경 관찰의 예비조사에 의하면 일광광산의 전기석이 형성된 환경은 다른2가지 화학적인 저장소의 혼합 효과의 결과로 생성되어진 것으로 예상된다. 일광의 화강암류를 만든 마그마는 전기석을 형성할 만큼의 Fe-Mg성분이 충분하지 않았을 것이다. 화강암 내에 흑운모와 각섬석의 결정작용에 의해 마그마의 Fe-Mg성분이 고갈되어지고 이로 인해 그 함량이 감소하며 상대적으로 마그마 내에 남은 붕소(B$_2$O$_3$)는 열수로 용리되고 흑운모, 각섬석과 평형을 유지하며 열수에 남아있게 된다. 잔류용융체에 남은 붕소의 함량은 전기석을 만들기에 충분함에도 불구하고, Fe-Mg 함량이 부족하여 마그마 기원의 전기석 결정을 만들 수가 없다가 광맥이 형성된 시기에 또 다른 열수가 공급되면서 이전의 평형이 깨지고 기존의 흑운모와 같은 염기성 광물이 붕소(B)를 함유한 새로운 열수와 반응하여 전기석을 형성한 것으로 예상한다. 앞으로 전암과 광물에 대해 지화학적 연구를 통해 화강암류와 전기석과의 지화학적 연관성, 주성분 원소와 열수의 특성과의 상관관계, 전기석의 기원(마그마 기원인지 열수기원인지)이 보다 정확하게 파악될 것이다. 마그마 진화에 따른 전기석의 성분변화와 기원을 이용하여 일광광산의 동광화대를 형성한 마그마 계에서 열수계로 이어지는 지질학적 과정을 이해할 수 있을 것이며, 암석 성인론적 지시자로서 어떠한 중요성을 갖는지 논의되어질 수 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.36-40
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• 2003

We have grown D $y_{x}$B $i_{3-x}$F $e_{5}$ $O_{12}$ (x = 0.5,1.0, 1.5,2.0) magnetic garnet thin films upon $Al_2$O3i and GGG substrate using Pechini process. The annealing temperature to get single phase D $y_{x}$B $i_{3-x}$F $e_{5}$ $O_{12}$ garnet is dependent on substrate, i.e. the annealing temperature for GGG substrate il 5$0^{\circ}C$ lower than that for $Al_2$ $O_3$ substrate. The grains of garnet thin film grown on GGG (111) plane align along [111] direction, and in this case the hysteresis curve does not saturate up to H : 5000 Oe. We attribute this phenomenon to rotation magnetization process. The maximum amount of Bi substitution in polycrystalline D $y_{x}$B $i_{3-x}$F $e_{5}$ $O_{12}$ thin film prepared by Pechini process is restricted to 2.0 Bi atom/unit cell, and this value is less than that in single garnet crystall grown by LPE method.own by LPE method.ethod.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.211-222
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• 2010

A batch experiment was carried out to investigate a variation of Sr concentration and $^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr$ ratio in the solution by water-rock interaction. The experiments were conducted at room temperature using two kinds of granites (biotite granite and garnet-bearing granite), de-ionized water. surface water. Water/rock ratio was 1:1. For comparison, we also performed another experiment under water/rock condition of 10:1. Then, the concentration of the cations and anions in the solutions showed severe variation during water/rock interaction. However, after sometime, the $^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr$ ratio of the solution moved to the $^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr$ ratio of the rocks and showed relatively constant value. This suggests that the $^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr$ ratio between water and rock becomes to be stable faster than the elemental equilibration of the element in the solution, and is not affected by interaction condition. Therefore, $^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr$ ratio of the groundwater may be useful in calculating the mixing ratio between different aquifer.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.76-88
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• 2014

This research has been conducted to provide the fundamental data for foodservice & culinary research by analyzing 1,054 papers in 'The Korean Journal of Culinary Research' from 1995 through 2012 regarding year, theme, material, and subject. The released papers are 58.6 a year and almost 50 percent of related papers have been published, considering that 511 papers have been released for the recent five years. The research theme was first classified into four following areas such as foodservice, culinary, food and so forth. Then it was subdivided under 65 items on 19 subject matters. Most of the studies are related to foodservice area(595 papers, 56.4%), followed by culinary area (250 papers, 23.7%), food area(105 papers, 10.0%) and other areas (104 papers, 9.9%). For the topics used in foodservice research, most papers investigated the marketing area(170 paper, 28.6%). In culinary and food-related research, papers dealt with confectionary and bread (67 papers, 23.3%), sauce dressing (38 papers, 13.2%), vegetable fruit (36 papers, 12.5%), fermented food (35 papers, 12.5). In regard to the analysis of research subjects, institutions, and companies, 140 papers(38.2%) conducted hotel-related research, followed by 106 restaurant-related papers (29%) and forty-three papers(11.8%) on foodservice enterprises and franchises. Based on this analysis, most of the theses in 'The Korean Journal of Culinary Research' have been published in the area of foodservice (56.4%). In comparison, the theses in the area of culinary and food are associated with the name of the journal and only 33.7 percent of papers have been released. For these reasons, the name of the journal would rather be renamed 'The Korean Journal of Foodservice and Culinary Research'.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.231-240
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• 2015

A total of 93 mineral medicines are mentioned in the Chinese Bonchodogam(本草圖鑑). In Donguibogam(東醫寶鑑), 77 mineral medicines are listed, where 18 are from soil origin, 4 from gem origin, and 55 mineral medicines were originated from stone. In the Herblogy(本草學), which is the textbook used in most oriental medicine colleges in Korea, a total of 23 mineral medicines are listed. Of those, Cinnabaris, Alumen, Melanteritum, Realgar, Orpimentum, Sulfur, Lime from Donguibogam, additional eight which are Talcum, Calomelas, Minium, Calamina, Stannum, Hydrargyrum, Lithargyrum, Hydrargyrum Chloratum from Bonchodogam and Gypsum, Natrii Sulfas, Talcum, Cinnabaris, Sulfur, Arsenicum Sublimatum, Realgar, Calomelas, Minium, Calamina, Borax, Aurum, Glauberitum from Herblogy were selected as the mineral medicine applicable as external atopic dermatitis treatment. Most of the mineral medicines were generally regarded as toxic materials, and therefore, they were elaborately processed to remove toxicity before use. In accordance, it is necessary to discuss how to effectively remove toxicity from toxic mineral medicines. In addition, detoxification can be applied to those mineral medicines classified based on the index material or high content compounds, and if efficacy can be evaluated through various analytical methods, this can be applied to diverse inflammatory diseases as well as atopic dermatitis.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.535-549
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• 2012

Main aspect of this study are to clarify mineral compositions on granites in Youngkwang-Naju area. These granites are is divided into four rock facies based on the geologic ages, mineralogical composition and chemical constituents, and texture : hornblende-biotite granodiorite, biotite granite, porphyritic granite and two mica granite. These granites constitude an igneous complex formed by a series of differentiation from cogenetic magma. In compressive stress field between the Ogcheon folded belt and the Youngnam massif, the foliated and undeformed granites had formed owing to heterogeneous distribution of stress. The geochemical data of study area indicate magma of these rocks would had been generated by melting in lower and middle crust. The major minerals of granitic rocks in study area are plagioclase, biotite, muscovite and hornblende. Plagioclase range in composition from oligoclase ($An_{19.3-27.7}$) to andesine ($An_{28.4-31}$), and shows normal zoning patterns, This uniformed composition indicated slow crystallization, and it is obvious that the growth of these crystal occurred before final consolidation of the magma. The Mg content of biotite are increases with increasing of $f_{O2}$ and grade of differentiation, changing from phlogopite to siderophyllite. Its $Al^{iv}$/$Al^{total}$ ratios are propertional to bulk rock alumina content. Muscovite is primary in origin with high content of $TiO_2$, and Its composition correspond to celadonitic muscovite. Hornblende indicated calc amphibole group ($(Ca+Na)_{M4}{\geq}1.43$, $Na_{M4}<0.67$). and consolidation pressure of granitic body by geobarometer of Hammerstrume and Zen show 11.3~17.2 Km.