• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.54 no.3
• /
• pp.228-241
• /
• 2021

Cremated archaeological bones provide crucial information to unravel the details of ancient cremation events and funeral culture. The research on cremated bones to date has been mainly focused on extracting archaeological information in Korea. Recently, the techniques of physical anthropology have been applied to obtain biological information and cremation temperatures for individuals. This study analyzed human remains excavated from Seoul Seokchon-dong Ancient Tombs and determined whether there were human cremations as well as the estimated cremation temperatures. There was no trace of fire in the pits where cremated bones were found; therefore, it is assumed that they were deposited with the artifacts. In this study, four samples were selected according to the surface color of the bones, and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used for analysis. All four of the Seokchon-dong cremated bones were found, based on the crystallization index of X-ray diffraction analysis, to have experienced cremation above the temperature of 700℃. Infrared spectroscopy results indicated that the four bones from Seokchon-dong were cremated at temperatures above 700℃ and below 1,000℃. IR peaks were observed at 700℃, whereas no changes were found when bones experienced more than 1000℃. We assume that the cremated people in the Seokchon-dong Tombs were people of high-status because cremation at such a high temperature at that period required much effort. Here we present significant evidence of the cremation status and temperature of archaeological human bones on the basis of XRD and FT-IR, allowing for the restoration of the cremation events and funeral culture in archaeological sites.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.54 no.6
• /
• pp.671-687
• /
• 2021

This study investigated the firing temperature and thermal deformation process of roof tiles excavated from the connected stone-mound tomb in Seokchon-dong, Seoul, based on mineralogical and physical properties. A large number of roof tiles were excavated from the tomb site and some roof tiles were deformed by heat and were fired in uneven conditions. The colors of original roof tiles and their cores are mostly yellowish-brown, with high water absorption over 12%, containing fine-grained textures and some minerals such as quartz, feldspars, amphibole, and mica. It is estimated that the original roof tiles were fired below 900℃ in oxidation condition, showing loose matrices and mica layers by scanning electron microscopy. However, deformed roof tiles have the uneven surface color of reddish-brown and bluish-gray, and those cross-sections have sandwich structures in which dense reddish-brown surface and porous grey core coexist. They contained mullite and hercynite, so it was estimated to have been fired over 1,000℃, with 0.81~11% water absorption. In some samples, bloating pores by overfiring were observed, which means that they were fired at more than 1,200℃. In addition, the refirng experiments that the original roof tile was fired between 800℃ and 1,200℃ were carried out to investigate the physical and mineralogical properties of roof tiles compared to deformed ones. As a result, the water absorption decreased rapidly and the mineral phase started to change over 1,000℃. As the temperature gradually rises, the matrices are partially melted and recrystallized, resulting in similar thermal characteristics of deformed roof tiles. Therefore, the roof tiles from ancient tombs in Seokchon-dong seem to experience the secondary high temperature of 1,000 to 1,200℃ under uneven firing conditions, resulting in deformation characteristics such as shape transformation and mineral phase transition. It is considered to have been related to cremation rituals at the tombs of Seockchon-dong during the Baekje period.

• Conservation Science in Museum
• /
• v.28
• /
• pp.17-34
• /
• 2022

This study seeks to identify the material characteristics of earthenware excavated from the Bangi-dong Ancient Tomb No. 3 and the articulated stone-mound tomb of the Seokchon-dong ancient tombs in the Songpa region, and analyze the homogeneity and the firing temperature of the materials used at each excavated site. The remains have been studied relatively recently, and the groups of tombs in which they were found demonstrate the transition of ancient Korean burial systems, and at the same time, provide important archaeological data about those in power at the time. The earthenware pottery excavated from the two sites examined in the study were buried at different times, and it is assumed that they were made by procuring weathered soil of similar gneiss, judging from the behavior of the compatible and incompatible elements and the weathering tendency found by examining the main components. In addition, the examination of the mineral composition and microstructure of clay indicates that the earthenware from Seokchon-dong was fired at 950 degrees Celsius or lower at a relatively early stage. On the other hand, the earthenware from Bangi-dong Tomb No. 3 was confirmed to have experienced temperatures below 850 degrees Celsius and above 1,000 degrees Celsius. However, it is difficult to interpret the difference as the result of the changes in firing temperature throughout the eras. It is expected that it will be possible to interpret the changes in earthenware manufacturing techniques by comparing more diverse earthenware potteries and ancient soils.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.44 no.4
• /
• pp.112-129
• /
• 2011

This paper was written to understand, through the types and production techniques, how cooking vessels of Baekje Hanseong period had evolved, - the cooking vessels that were excavated from the historic sites of Baekje Hanseong Period such as Mongchontoseong and Pungnaptoseong of Seoul, the ancient tomb group of Seokchon-dong, and Misari historic site of Hanam. First, the results produced through the analysis of types of these cooking vessels are as followings: as for deep bowls, the maximum body diameter is found on the top of pottery, while as for an egg-shaped pottery, the maximum body diameter is found on the middle height of pottery. However, as for the rim diameter ratio to the neck diameter ratio of pottery, the said two typed potteries were shown to have smaller ones. In consideration of each historic site, as for deep bowls, the ancient tomb group of Seokchon-dong had potteries that had less volumes, were deeper, and had higher maximum body diameters. When it comes to an egg-shaped pottery, Pungnaptoseong had the potteries that were deeper than those of Misari historic site, and their potteries also had the maximum body diameter found on the middle height of pottery, and larger rim diameter ratio to the neck diameter of the pottery. The results produced though the analysis of the production techniques of these cooking vessels are as followings: in the case of deep bowls, as the width of a volume category gets larger, the pottery stamping with an anvil including patterns was more frequently used for pottery production. In this case, simultaneously braid patterns were frequently found on the outer sides of these potteries. In addition, it was found the basal walls of these potteries were thinnest in all typed potteries. This shows there occurred technique transitions according to the time flow. When it comes to an egg-shaped pottery as well, the pottery produced by using an anvil had the thinnest basal wall and its rim diameter ratio to its neck diameter ratio was smaller. Also around the mouth of this pottery, traces were found on its front, the traces formed by the strong rotating power. It is determined these two typed potteries were all produced by using an anvil to have thinner walls. Then, how these potteries were used? In the case of deep bowls, liquid food was put on a hearth or ground to be cooked whereas in the case of an egg-shaped pottery, the pottery was put on a puttumak(kitchen stove) mainly for boiling water. The deep bowls and egg-shaped potteries excavated from the center areas of Baekje Hanseong Period were not clearly determined about when their pastes or firing times were, but as for their production techniques, it was possible to check how they had developed. Moreover, it was determined that in the changing aspects of their production techniques, temporalite is also reflected.