• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.594-602
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to derive the usually applicable evaluation items and system for the effective biotope assessment. For this purpose, the evaluation items and system for the biotope assessment be applicable to actuality are drafted by a review on the preceded case studies until now at the inside and outside of the country. And then this study proposed the evaluation items and system for the effective biotope assessment through continual feed back such as field applications in selected case study areas and consultations. First, the six items such as naturalness & hemeroby, diversity, size of area, isolation & connection, restoration ability and rarity for biotope assessment were suggested. Second, the assessment system is divided into the first step assessment as evaluation for the whole biotope types and the second step assessment as evaluation for ecological conservation value of individual biotope. This study suggests that the items such as naturalness & hemeroby and diversity should be evaluated in assessment step for biotope types and the items such as isolation & connection, restoration ability and rarity in assessment step for individual biotope. However, this study suggests that the evaluation items and indicators suitable to the regional conditions should be reviewed enough and selected and also the detail evaluation indicators should be supplemented with the foundation of items and system for biotope evaluation proposed in this study because the biotope evaluation should consider regional characteristics.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.113-123
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• 2018

The purpose of this research is to develop evaluation indicators forperformance improvement of horticultural therapy garden. In order to achieve a therapeutic purpose, the gardening activity held by the trained horticultural therapist. Moreover, horticultural therapy is 'a medical model' for the treatment and basic premise of the research was set, as horticultural therapy garden is characterized area to support activities of patients and horticultural therapist functionally and efficiently. For this study, three times of Delphi and AHP techniques were proceeded to export panels who were recruited by purposive sampling. Through these techniques, it was possible to deduct the evaluation indicator which maximizes the performance of the horticultural therapy garden. The evaluation items were prioritized by typing and stratification of the indicator. The results and discussions were stated as followings. Firstly, a questionnaire of experts was conducted to horticultural therapists and civil servants who were in charge of horticultural therapy. As results(horticultural therapists: 87.8%, civil servants: 75.2%), It is possible to conclude that both positions have the high recognition and agreed on the necessity of horticultural therapy. Secondly, Delphi investigation was conducted three times in order to develop the evaluation indicator for performance evaluation. After Delphi analysis, total 34 of evaluation elements to improve the performance of the horticultural therapy garden by reliability and validity analysis results. Thirdly, AHP analysis of each evaluation indicator was conducted on the relative importance and weighting. Moreover, the results showed 'interaction between nature and human' as the most important element, and in order of 'plan of the program', 'social interaction', 'sustainable environmental', and 'universal design rule', respectively. On the other hand, the exports from the university and research institute evaluated the importance of 'interaction between nature and human', while horticultural therapists chose 'plan of the program' as the most important element. Fourthly, the total weight was used to develop weight applied evaluation indicator for the performance evaluation of the horticultural therapy garden. The weight applying to evaluation index is generally calculated multiply the evaluation scores and the total weight using AHP analysis. Finally, 'the evaluation indicator and evaluation score sheet for performance improvement of the horticultural therapy garden' was finally stated based on the relative order of priority between evaluation indicators and analyzing the weight. If it was deducted the improvement points for the efficiency of already established horticultural therapy garden using the 'weight applied evaluation sheet', it is possible to expand it by judging the importance with the decision of the priority because the item importance decided by experts was reflected. Moreover, in the condition of new garden establishment, it is expected to be helpful in suggesting ways for performance improvement and in setting the guidelines by understanding the major indicators of performance improvement in horticultural therapy activity.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.12-29
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to improve forestland characteristic evaluation system's indicators for rational development and ecosystem conservation. There has been no consideration for statistical duplication between variables, and it caused inefficient data collection. Furthermore, the same evaluation criteria were applied for all forestlands without considering regionally different characteristics, and it made variation for designation cancel rates of preservation semi-preservation forestlands between cities. To solve these problems, we first removed 'DBH' variable which has a multicollinearity. Second, we applied standard normal distribution for each forest watershed type. As a result of eliminating 'DBH', the numbers of parcels for all grades except A were changed but their numbers and areas were not large enough to consider the change of total score. For the output of analyses with the existing same regional criteria, the total scores of urban type and urban-fringe type forestlands were higher than those of other types. The numbers of parcels for A and B were increased and those for C and E were decreased by applying standard normal distribution. This caused the increase of preservation-oriented parcels. Finally, we suggested a new evaluation method based on standard normal distribution to consider regional forest characteristics and to solve regional imbalance.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.101-111
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• 2008

To provide more natural elements in the harsh urban environment, 'planting trees as urban forests' has been emphasized as having an important role, and trees are expected to be as functional as the trees under more natural conditions in rural areas, and provide people with benefits. To do this, urban forest policies needed a better idea of planting methods and management of trees through the theory of landscape ecology, and also the feedback system according to the evaluation and assessment of urban forests. In this case study, a new principle and assessment indices for the evaluation are applied for the 4 urban forests in two Korean metropolitan cities, Daejeon and Ulsan. The evaluation of Korean urban forest-function as biotope and the assessment for the classification of biotope diversity types are carried out. The AUEM(Adding Up Estimation Matrix) is applied for the analysis of urban forests. Unlikely previous researches on the other Korean metropolitan cities, the size of urban forest has less influence on the vegetation diversity. The most frequent biotope grade is the 3rd grade at Namseon park and Mt. Hamwol, while Mt. Bomun and Mt. Yeompo show the 4th grade. The grades of forest-function as biotope are from 3rd to 5th in which lower than average in forest-function grades. This means that the 4 sites are still not-matured forests and less-functional forests as the urban biotope.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.151-159
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• 1999

지구규모의 대기-지표-생물권(Atmo-Geo-Bio-Sphere)간의 끊임없는 상호작용(Interaction)의 피드백(Feedback)의 결과로 야기되는 기상변화는 아직도 이해를 위한 우리의 노력이 더욱 요구되고 있는 자연현상이다. 지구상의 모든 생물은 궁극적으로는 환경변화에 순응하여 생태계의 안정을 유지하는 방향으로 진화할 것이므로 생물자원의 관리분야라 할 수 있는 농업생산도 결국 기상자원의 변화에 효율적으로 적응하기 위한 인간활동인 것이다. 최근 빈발하고 있는 세계적인 이상기상의 출현은 일시적인 현상이 아니라 과도한 인간활동에서 야기된 대기질의 악화에 기인하는 비가역적이고 비선형적인 현상이라는데 불확실성과 심각성이 매우 크다. 지구상의 모든 농업생태계는 기상의 영향을 크게 받을 뿐만 아니라 반대로 기상에 커다란 영향을 미치는 중요한 생물권의 일부로 인식되고 있다. 농업활동의 결과는 항상 크던 작던 간에 대기조성에 영향을 미치게 되고 이는 다시 상호작용과 피드백에 의해 기상과 기후를 변화시키는 동인이 될 수 있다. 지구환경변화와 농업과의 관계는 지금까지는 주로 "기후변화가 농업생산에 미치는 영향"에 대한 접근방법을 택하여 왔다. 여기에서는 이와는 달리 "농업활동이 기후변화와 변동에 미칠 수 있는 가능성과 잠재력"에 대한 접근방법을 이용하여 농업과 기상과의 상호작용과 피드백효과를 새로운 시각에서 조견하고자 하였다. 상호작용 중 먼저 기후학적 변화원인으로 관심대상이 되고 있는 농업생태계의 온실기체 방출과 고정의 측면에서 이와 연관성이 높은 농업활동별로 온실가스의 방출/고정에 미치는 영향을 소개하고, 다음으로 생물지리화학적 및 생물지리물리학적 해석 방법을 검토 소개하였다. 한편 농업활동에 따른 지표면 특성의 변화가 국지기상 변화에 미치는 영향에 대한 검토를 에너지수지와 수분수지 관점에서 소개하였으며, 끝으로 농업활동의 근거지인 농촌지역의 인문사회학적 변화와 농업활동간의 관계, 그리고 이들이 기후변화/변동에 미칠 수 있는 잠재적 영향력을 살펴보았다.수 있는 잠재적 영향력을 살펴보았다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.1007-1011
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 어류 생태계 유지를 위해 필요한 생태학적 추천유량을 산정하고, 어류의 서식처 환경인 여울과 웅덩이의 형성조건을 검토함으로써 '작용'인 '흐름'과 '응답'인 '하상구조'와의 상관 관계를 규명하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 대상하천인 금호강에서는 하상변동이 활발한 자연 상태를 벗어나 하상의 이동성 상당히 둔화된 상태이며, 저수로내 여울과 웅덩이도 대표어종이 서식할 수 있는 자갈하상 구조에 변화가 일어나고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 이것은 금호강 상류에 영천댐 건설의 영향이 어느 정도 미치고 있음을 유황분석 결과를 통해 간접적으로 파악할 수 있었다. 댐과 같은 수공구조물의 건설로 인하여 하도가 고정화된 상태에서 장기간에 걸치게 되면 여울과 웅덩이와 같은 하상구조가 축소되거나 소멸되어 금호강에서의 대표어종 서식처 환경에 영향을 미칠 것으로 추정된다. 금번 연구결과, 금호강에서 어류의 생식에 필요한 생태학적 추천유량 $8.2m^3/sec$가 필요하였으며, 어류의 서식처 환경인 여울과 웅덩이를 지속적으로 유지되기 위해서는 $250m^3/sec$ 이상의 유량이 연간 한번 이상 흘러야 하고, 2.5년 내지 3년 마다 약 $500m^3/sec$ 정도의 유량이 흐를 필요가 있다고 분석되었다. 본 연구 대상지점에서 흐름과 하상구조를 하천생태계와 연계해서 볼 때, 생태추천유량은 어디까지나 대표어종이 서식할 수 있는 최소조건에 불과하다. 대표어종이 장기간에 걸쳐 서식할 수 있는 하상구조가 존재하기 위해서는 대표어종이 선호하는 여울과 웅덩이가 필요하다. 결국 대표어종이 서식하기 위한 필요충분조건은 생태추천유량 확보와 아울러 대표어종이 선호하는 하상구조를 유지하기 위해서는 하도의 이동성을 유발할 유황변화가 필요하다는 것이 입증되었다.대상으로 연중 발생하는 큰 호우사상에 대해 임의의 강우관측소를 결측지점으로 가정하고 주변의 강우관측소로부터 각각의 방법을 이용해 가중치들을 산정하여 결측지점의 강우량 값을 보정하고자 하였다. 또한 각각의 방법을 이용하여 얻어진 결과에 대해 실측값과 보정값의 오차정도를 평균절대오차법(Mean Absolute Error)과 제곱평균제곱근오차법(Root Mean Squared Error)에 의해 산정하여 보정 방법간의 효율성을 검토하고자 하였다.9년, 그리고 2010년${\sim}$2019년까지 총 4구간으로 나누어 결과를 도출하였으며 예상한 바와 같이 후반기 20년 동안에 세 가지 지표가 취약해 지는 것을 확인할 수 있었고, 특히 2000년부터 2009년까지 10년 동안에는 더욱 취약해짐을 확인할 수 있었다.를 보임에 따라 그 정책적 효과는 때로 역기능적인 결과로 초래하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고 이 연구결과를 통하여 최소한 주식시장(株式市場)에서 위탁증거금제도는 그 제도적 의의가 여전히 있다는 사실이 확인되었다. 또한 우리나라 주식시장에서 통상 과열투기 행위가 빈번히 일어나 주식시장을 교란시킴으로써 건전한 투자풍토조성에 저해된다는 저간의 우려가 매우 커왔으나 표본 기간동안에 대하여 실증분석을 한 결과 주식시장 전체적으로 볼 때 주가변동율(株價變動率), 특히 초과주가변동율(超過株價變動率)에 미치는 영향이 그다지 심각한 정도는 아니었으며 오히려 우리나라의 주식시장은 미국시장에 비해 주가가 비교적 안정적인 수준을 유지해 왔다고 볼 수 있다.36.4%)와 외식을 선호(29.1%)${\lrcorner}$ 하기 때문에 패스트푸드를 이용하게 된 것으로 응답 하였으며, 남 여 대학생간에는 유의한 차이(p<0.05)가 인정되었다. 응답자의 체형은 ${\ulco

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.181-181
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• 2011

최근 정부에서는 자연형 하천정비사업을 추진하고 있으나 정비방안이나 정비공법을 선정하기 위한 하천의 환경특성분석은 기술적 관점에서 주관적으로 이루어지고 있는 실정이다. 경제적이고 효율적인 하천정비를 위해서는 객관적이고 계량적인 지표를 이용한 구간별 하천환경 특성분석이 필요하다. 그러나, 적절한 구간구분기준과 하천환경특성을 분석하기 위한 합리적 판단방법이 마련돼 있지 않다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 하천환경지수라는 계량적 지표를 개발하여 국가하천을 대상으로 구간별 하천환경특성을 분석하였다. 하천환경지수는 하천의 형태적 특성, 생태 환경적 특성, 이 치수적 특성, 사회 문화적 특성과 관련된 여러 인자들 중에서 인자선정원칙과 자료의 구득성을 고려하여 선정된 16개 인자로 구성하였고, 하천환경지수의 적용가능성을 검토하기 위하여 합리적인 하천구간 구분기준도 제시하였다. 아울러 국가하천에 대한 GIS 정보와 선정된 하천환경지수 및 구간구분기준을 적용하여 국가하천에 대한 하천환경특성을 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 구간별 하천환경 정비사업 우선순위 및 정비방안을 설정하고자 할 때 적용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.82-87
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• 2019

Global warming has a significant impact on diverse ecosystems including agroecosystem through; changing of phenology, physiology and distribution. Monitoring of biological responses emanating from global warming is required to understand the challenges of biological diversity conservation posed by climate change. The Korean government selected four butterfly species as indicators of climate change in agroecosystem: Papilio xuthus, Pieris rapae, Colias erate, and Eurema mandarina. The aim of this study was to investigate the different monitoring methods of the butterflies in Korea and suggest a suitable monitoring method to track the population trends of butterflies in the agroecosystem. Butterfly monitoring was conducted in eight sites throughout Korea from April to October, 2018 using three survey methods: point census at rice paddy area, point census at the border between rice paddy and hill and line transect along the rice paddy and hill. Each method took approximately 30 min. to count the butterflies. A total of 4,691 butterflies and 92 species were counted: The most dominant species was Pieris rapae with a total count of 1,205 individuals followed by Polygonia c-aureum, Zizeeria maha, Colias erate, Cupido argiades and Papilio xuthus. Among the three census methods, the total number of species and individuals when using line transect method was statistically higher than in the other methods. However, the numbers of the four butterflies indicators showed no difference throughout three census methods. Based on the number of species and the total individuals butterflies in agroecosystem, we advocate for the application of line transect method as it can find more butterflies in agroecosystem. In addition, we advised for the implementation of education programs on the line transect method in butterfly identification to participants of the national monitoring program.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.235-250
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• 2021

The overarching question of this study is how a typical rice cultivation system in Gimje, Korea was keeping up with the triple-win challenge of climate-smart agriculture (CSA). To answer this question, we have employed (1) quantitative data from direct measurement of energy, water, carbon and information flows in and out of a rice cultivation system and (2) appropriate metrics to assess production, efficiency, GHG fluxes, and resilience. The study site was one of the Korean Network of Flux measurement (KoFlux) sites (i.e., GRK) located at Gimje, Korea, managed by National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration. Fluxes of energy, water, carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) were directly measured using eddy-covariance technique during the growing seasons of 2011, 2012 and 2014. The production indicators include gross primary productivity (GPP), grain yield, light use efficiency (LUE), water use efficiency (WUE), and carbon uptake efficiency (CUE). The GHG mitigation was assessed with indicators such as fluxes of carbon dioxide (F_CO2), methane (F_CH4), and nitrous oxide (F_N2O). Resilience was assessed in terms of self-organization (S), using information-theoretic approach. Overall, the results demonstrated that the rice cultivation system at GRK was climate-smart in 2011 in a relative sense but failed to maintain in the following years. Resilience was high and changed little for three year. However, the apparent competing goals or trade-offs between productivity and GHG mitigation were found within individual years as well as between the years, causing difficulties in achieving the triple-win scenario. The pursuit of CSA requires for stakeholders to prioritize their goals (i.e., governance) and to practice opportune interventions (i.e., management) based on the feedback from real-time assessment of the CSA indicators (i.e., monitoring) - i.e., a purpose-driven visioneering.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.175-187
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• 2011

Since insects play important roles in existence of plants and other animals in the natural environment, they are considered as necessary biological resources from the perspectives of those biodiversity conservation and national utilization strategy. For the conservation and utilization of insect species, an observational learning environment is needed for non-experts such as citizens and students to take interest in insects in the natural ecosystem. The insect identification is a main factor for the observational learning. A current time-consuming search method by insect classification is inefficient because it needs much time for the non-experts who lack insect knowledge to identify insect species. To solve this problem, we proposed an smart phone-based insect identification inference system that helps the non-experts identify insect species from observational characteristics in the natural environment. This system is based on the similarity between the observational information by an observer and the biological insect characteristics. For this system, we classified the observational characteristics of insects into 27 elements according to order, family, and species, and proposed similarity indexes to search similar insects. In addition, we developed an insect identification inference prototype system to show this study's viability and performed comparison experimentation between our system and a general insect classification search method. As the results, we showed that our system is more effective in identifying insect species and it can be more efficient in search time.