• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.65-76
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• 2001

This study was designed to estimate on the interaction of the first productivity, light condition and to examine the ecophysiological characteristics of Zoysia japonica. rtificial community of Zoysia japonica was analyzed effect of matter production and growth construction under various shading condition. The results summarized this experiment were as follows; 1. The relative growth rate (RGR) in all experimental plots was high during the growth stage of 20 days after transplanting, and then decreased. The maxium RGR value appeared in the control plot (2.13g/g. 10days) during the growth stage from 10 to 20 days after transplating. RGR value in server shading of short day condition was remarkably decreased from the early growth stage. The main factor to lower RGR value considered as a short day condition than that of shading. 2. The net assimilation rate (NAR) in all experimental plots except 3hour photoperiod plot was high during the early growth stage after transplanting, and then decreased early growth stage after transplanting, and then decreased as the growth proceeded. The maxium value appeared in the control plot (35g/g. 10days). NAR value in the severe shading of short day condition plots was low. Especially, NAR value in the three hours photoperiod plot was remarkably low from the early growth, there was no great difference by growth stage. NAR had negative correlation with LAI and positive correlation with RGR. 3. The increasing rate of leaf area ratio(LAR) was high during the early growth stage after transplanting in the control plot and in the photoperiod plot, the shorter the exposure time to sunlight, the higher the LAR value from the early growth stage. Especially, its value in the 3 hour photoperiod plot was remarkably high but its increasing rate was lower as the growth proceeded. LAR hade negative correlation on RGR and NAR. 4. The crop growth rate(CGR) in each experimental plot was increased until 50 days after transplanting, and then decreased. After that time, the maxium CGR value appeared in the control plot (1.56g/$\textrm{cm}^2$. 10-days), 60 days after transplanting, CGR had positive correlation with LAI. The optimum LAI in the control, 9 hour, 7 hour, 5 hour, and 3 hour photoperiod plots appeared as 1.87, 1.12, 0.83, and 0.18.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.516-535
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• 2020

This study was conducted to provide information on local resource plants by identifying aquatic and Riparian flora. We investigated the aquatic and riparian floras in 3 streams(Byeongseong-cheon, Buk-cheon, Oeseo-cheon) from February to October 2019. 321 taxa (i.e. 300 species, 5 subspecies, 15 varieties 1 Cultivars from 203 genera of 78 families) of the vascular plants were found in the survey area. Byeongseong-cheon is 133 taxa, Buk-cheon is 233 taxa and Oeseo-cheon is 132 taxa. Among 321 taxa, we found 5 endemic species, 3 red list plants, and However, endangered plants were not found in 3 streams. Aquatic and Riparian plant 138 taxa(i.e. Aquatic plant 20 taxa, Riparian plant 118 taxa). Life forms is annual plant 43 taxa, biennial plant 24 taxa, perennial plant 71 taxa. Aquatic plant growth forms emergent hydrophyte 13 taxa, floating leaved hydrophyte 1 taxa, submerged hydrophyte 6 taxa. The number of floristic regional indicator plants was 15 (i.e. 1 species of IV degree, 3 taxa of III degree, 5 taxa of II degree, and 6 taxa of I degree). Approved foreign export plants 31 taxa. In addition, 52 naturalized plants were identified, and the percentage of Naturalized Index (NI) and Urbanization Index (UI) were 16.1%, and 16.2%, respectively. Vascular plant usability and reclassification result is Edible 213 species (66%), Medicinal 244 species (76%), Flavor 10 species (3%), Industrial 136 species (42%), Ornamental 137 species (36%), Restoration 117 species (36%), Compost 155 species (48%), Unknown 7 species (5%). We hope that our results provide reference data to set up strategy of resources plants, conservation of biodiversity in the 3 streams and Sangju-si areas.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.404-410
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• 2014

In this study, we conducted an analysis of the drumming bioacoustics of three woodpeckers typical to South Korea. The targeted species were, from largest to smallest in size, the Black Woodpecker(Dryocopus martius), the Great Spotted Woodpecker(Dendrocopos major) and the Japanese Pygmy Woodpecker(Dendrocopos Kizuki). The drumming sounds of these three species of woodpeckers were recorded and analyzed. Sound recordings were taken in the Guryongsa Valley, Chiaksan National Park and on the campus of Sangji University, Wonju City, South Korea. Drumming recordings were obtained in the following manner. As researchers walked along trails in the investigation areas, when woodpecker drumming sounds were indicated, positive identification of the species was made using binoculars then the recording of the drumming sound was started. The average time per drumming, in seconds, was Black Woodpecker(D. martius) 1.614 seconds, Great Spotted Woodpecker(D. major) 0.683 seconds and Japanese Pygmy woodpecker(D. Kizuki) 0.200 seconds. The average number of strikes for each drumming was Black Woodpecker(D. martius) 31.2 times, Great Spotted Woodpecker(D. major) 14.9 times and Japanese Pygmy Woodpecker(D. Kizuki) 6.7 times. The strike speed, in strikes/sec, for each species was the Black Woodpecker(D. martius)19.3strikes/sec, the Great Spotted Woodpecker(D. major) 21.8strikes/sec and Japanese Pygmy Woodpecker(D. Kizuki)33.3strikes/sec. The frequency of drumming, in Hertz, was Black Woodpecker(D. martius) 776.9Hz, Great Spotted Woodpecker (D. major) 1,213.8Hz and Japanese Pygmy Woodpecker(D. Kizuki) 826.0Hz. In interpreting this data, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used and it was determined that there was a significant statistical difference between species in drumming duration, time and interval of striking. The findings support that the bigger the biomass of the woodpecker, the longer the drumming duration and striking time. However, the smaller the size of the woodpecker, the faster the strike speed. A correlation between body type size and drumming characteristics was clearly identified. As for strike frequency, measured in Hertz, the medium sized Great Spotted Woodpecker's (D. major) frequency was high whereas the Black Woodpecker(D. martius) and Japanese Pygmy Woodpecker's(D. Kizuki) frequency was similar. A clear trend in reference to body size on this measure does not exist.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.297-317
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• 2017

The research has been conducted in order to classify the vegetation types of natural forest in Mt. Janggunbong, Bonghwa-Gun and establish its following characteristics of stands. Vegetation data were collected by June in 2014 to August in 2016. Based on the 71 quadrates, we carried out an analysis of species-area curve, vegetation types, importance value, species diversity, coincidence method and CCA. As a result of the species-area curve, it was showed the proper investigation, vascular plants consisted a total of 227 taxa; 67 families, 152 genera, 197 species, 3 subspecies, 27 varieties. The forest vegetation was classified into 7 vegetation units, when it comes to a community group, they are classified into the Quercus mongolica community group. As for community, Q. mongolica community group is classified into the Acer pictum subsp. mono community, Pinus koraiensis community and Q. variabilis community. As for group, A. pictum subsp. mono community is classified into Lychnis cognata group and Deutzia glabrata group. The P. koraiensis community is classified into A. komarovii group and P. koraiensis typical group. The Q. variabilis community is classified into Parthenocissus tricuspidata group and Q. variabilis typical group. As for subgroup, P. tricuspidata group is classified into P. tricuspidata typical subgroup and Salix caprea subgroup. As a result of the importance value, Q. mongolica showed highest importance value in tree layer of vegetation units 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Betula schmidtii showed highest importance value in tree layer of vegetation unit 6. P. densiflora showed highest importance value in tree layer of vegetation unit 7. In subtree layer, shrub layer and herb layer of vegetation units 6 and 7, Q. mongolica and Q. variabilis showed high importance value. This implying that a vegetation units 6 and 7 is predicted to be composed by Q. mongolica and Q. variabilis. As for species diversity, vegetation units 1, 2 and 3 showed high species diversity(2.130~2.353). It was considered to be due to the topographical characteristics of valley. As a result of coincidence method and CCA, altitude showed high correlation than other environmental factor.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.334-344
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• 2020

A total of 24 families, 44 species, and 658 benthic macroinvertebrates were identified, and Ecdyonurus dracon Kluge (13%) was the dominant species in forested streams within the Yeonyeopsan (Mt.). A total of four habit categories (i.e., clingers (56%), burrowers (19%), swimmers (14%), and sprawlers (56%)) were identified, and clingers were the dominant habit at all survey points except point one (UP1). Habitat characteristics were depended on the hydraulic factors (e.g., flow velocity, depth, and substrates), water quality (e.g., DO and water temperature), and the habitat characteristics were differed in the riffle, which has a faster the flow velocity, compared by in the stagnant pool. In other words, in riffles, the clingers dominated in high flow velocity with the large maximum and median grain size for substrates in the habitats regardless of depth, but the burrowers and sprawlers were dominant in low flow velocity with the small maximum and median grain size for substrates in the habitats. Moreover, DO and flow velocity were in positive correlation (y = 0.6666x - 0.659, R² = 0.0851), and the habitat for burrowers was wider than that for sprawlers or clingers. The water depth was negatively correlated with water temperature (y = -26.397x + 283.87, R² = 0.1802) since the water temperature is more sensitive to insolation in shallow depth. pH was positively correlated with water temperature. The investigation of the habitat characteristics by separating the relations between pH and DO in upstream and downstream showed the low pH and high DO in the upstream with a high crown density of 68%, regardless of community composition. On the other hand, high pH and low DO in the downstream with a relatively low crown density of 51%. It was considered that the riparian forest played a role in suppressing the growth of attached algae and the controlling water temperature in headwater streams. Our findings identified the habitat characteristics of benthic macroinvertebrates in a headwater stream. We expected that the finding can provide reference data for suggesting conservation and management plans in a headwater stream and increasing academic value.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2001

This study was carried out to examine the recovery of forest ecosystem by changes of soil chemical properties and soil microorganism at the burned areas of coniferous (Mt. Chocdae) and broad leaved forest (Samsinbong in Mt. Chiri). In the soil chemical properties of the burned area of Samsinbong, pH was 5.8, and contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, available P₂O/sub 5/, exchangeable K/sup ＋/, exchangeable Ca/sup ＋＋/ and exchangeable Mg/sup ＋＋/ were 7.42%, 0.73%, 28.5 ㎎/㎏, 1.3 me/100g, 13.3 me/100g and 2.2 me/100g, respectively. But they showed a tendency to decrease with time. In the soil chemical properties of the burned area of Mt. Chocdae, pH was 5.3, and contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, available P2O5, exchangeable K/sup ＋/, exchangeabe Ca/sup ＋＋/ and Exchangeable Mg/sup ＋＋/ were 6.42%, 0.25%, 24.4 ㎎/㎏, 0.7 me/100g, 3.7 me/100g and 2.1 me/100g, respectively, and they also showed a tendency to decrease with time. In contrast, they were not changed with time at the unburned areas. At the burned area of Samsinbong, soil microorganism showed to order of fungi (69×10⁴ CFU), actinomycetes (523×10⁴ CFU) and aerobic bacteria (291×10⁴ CFU), and at the unburned area, showed to order of actinomycetes (745×10⁴ CFU), fungi (594×10⁴ CFUU), and aerobic bacteria (160×10/sup 4/ CFU). At the burned area of Mt. Chocdae, soil microorganism showed to order of fungi (676×10⁴ CFU), actinomycetes (434×10⁴ CFU) and aerobic bacteria (350×10⁴ CFU), and at the unburned area, showed to order of fungi (461 ×10⁴ CFU), aerobic bacteria (328×10⁴ CFU) and actinomycetes (319×10⁴ CFU). Soil microorganisms of the aerobic bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi appeared at the burned areas were much more abundant than unburned areas. The aerobic bacteria appeared at the coniferous forest were also much more than the broad-leaved forest. The actinomycetes and fungi appeared at the broad-leaved forest were much more abundant than the coniferous forest.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 2008

Purpose: Preecalmpsia is a pregnancy-specific disorder that reflects widespread endothelial dysfunction resulting from increases of adhesion molecule expression. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is involved in the pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for preeclampsia, and ICAM-1 plasma levels and/or function is genetically influenced. Therefore, we evaluated the distribution of ICAM-1 gene K469E polymorphism in pregnant Korean women with preeclampsia and evaluated the association between this polymorphism and preeclampsia. Methods: The K469E polymorphism was analyzed in peripheral blood samples from 197 preeclamptic pregnancies and 193 normotensive pregnancies by a SNapShot kit and an ABI Prism 3100 Genetic analyzer. Results: Genotypic and allelic frequencies of ICAM-1 gene polymorphism (K469E) did not differ between preeclamptic and normotensive pregnancies. The distributions of the KK, KE, and EE genotypes were 40.6%, 43.7%, and 15.7%, respectively, in preeclamptic pregnancies and 38.9%, 45.1%, and 16.1%, respectively, in normotensive pregnancies. The frequencies of K and E alleles were 0.62 and 0.38, respectively, in preeclamptic pregnancies and 0.61 and 0.39, respectively, in normotensive pregnancies. By multiple logistic regression analysis, there was no increased risk of preeclampsia in subjects with ICAM-1 KE (OR, 1.08; P=0.74) or EE (OR, 1.07; P=0.88) genotypes. Conclusion: This study suggests that the ICAM-1 gene K469E polymorphism does not associate with an increased risk of preeclampsia in pregnant Korean women.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.3 s.113
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• pp.372-381
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• 2005

This study was conducted to test the efficiency of water quality improvement using the dissolved air flotation (DAF) technique in a shallow eutrophic reservoir. The application of DAF was followed by the addition of a chemical coagulant (poly aluminum chloride; PAC). The experiment was conducted in the mesocosm scale (wide ${\times}$ length ${\times}$ depth: 6 m ${\times}$ 6 m ${\times}$ 3 m). Suspended solids (SS) and volatile SS (VSS) concentration decreased by 54 ${\sim}$ 71% and 57 ${\sim}$ 79% of the initial concentrations, respectively. Total phosphorus and Chl- a concentration also decreased by 74 ${\sim}$ 92% and 54 ${\sim}$ 98%, respectively. BOD decreased by>86% while COD decrease ranged 29 ${\sim}$ 63%. Dissolved inorganic P (DIP) and dissolved total P (DTP) concentration decreased by 34 ${\sim}$ 88% and 62 ${\sim}$ 88%, respectively. After DAF application further onto the sediment, DIP-release rates from the sediment decreased by 17% (0.82 ${\to}$ 0.68 mg $m^{-2}$$day^{-1}$ in the oxic condition and 23% (2.27 ${\to}$ 1.76 mg $m^{-2}$$day^{-1}$) in the anoxic condition, compared to the release rate from the untreated sediment. DTP-release rate from both the oxic and anoxic sediments also decreased by 33% (5.62 ${\to}$ 3.78 mg $m^{-2}$$day^{-1}$) and 20% (6.23 ${\to}$ 4.99 mg $m^{-2}$$day^{-1}$), respectively. These results suggest that the DAF application both to the water column and onto the sediment be effective to improve water quality by removing particulate matters in the water column as well as reducing P-release from the sediment.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.4 s.109
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• pp.411-422
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• 2004

A limnological survey was conducted in a reservoir, Lake Hoengsung located in Kangwondo, Korea, from July 2000 to September 2001 on the monthly basis. Phosphorus loading from the watershed was estimated by measuring total phosphorus concentration in the main tributary. Secchi disc transparency, epilimnetic (0-5 m) turbidity, chlorophyll a (Chl-a), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen(TN) and silica concentration were in the range of 0.9-3.5 m, 0.1-8.5 NTU, 0.3-32.4 mgChl $m^{-3}$, 5-46 mgP $m^{-3}$, 0.83-3.55 mgN $L^{-1}$ and 0.5-9.6 mgSi $L^{-1}$, respectively. Green algae and cyanobacteria dominated phytoplankton community in warm seasons, from July through October, 2000. In July a green alga (Scenedesmus sp.) was dominant with a maximum cell density of 10,480 cells mL. Cyanobacteria (Microcystics sp.) dominated in August and September with cell density of 3,492 and 295 cells mL ,respectively. Species diversity of phytoplankton was highest (2.22) in July. The trophic state of the reservoir can be classified as eutrophic on the basis of TP, Chl-a, and Secchi disc transparency. Because TP concentration was high in flood period, most of phosphorus loading was concentrated in rainy season. TP loading was calculated by multiplying TP and flow rate. The dam managing company measured inflow rate of the reservoir daily, while TP was measured by weekly surveys. TP of unmeasured days was estimated from the empirical relationship of TP and the flow rate of the main tributary; $TP=5.59Q^{0.45}\;(R^2=0.47)$. Annual TP loading was calculated to be 4.45 tP $yr^{-1}$, and the areal P loading was 0.77 gP $m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$ which is similar to the critical P loading for eutrophication by Vollenweider's phosphorus model, 0.72 gP $m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.110-122
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• 2012

This study examined the benthic diatom community distribution, land cover/use and water quality in relation to stream shape complexity (SSC) in the Seom River watershed. SSC showed a significant relation to the riparian land cover/use pattern and also water quality variables of the studied streams. Streams with high stream shape complexity (HSC) appeared to have a high proportion of forest and farmland, while streams having a low stream shape complexity (LSC) appeared to have high proportion of city. Streams with lower SSC showed higher nutrients concentration in the stream waters. Benthic diatom species composition and dominant species appeared to be similar regardless of SSC differences among the studied streams, while the variation of diatom density was manifested with SSC. The relative abundance of dominant benthic diatoms varied with SSC. Saprophilic diatoms were dominant in the streams of LSC, while saproxenic diatoms were dominant in the streams of HSC. During the evaluation of biological water quality using the benthic diatom indices, Trophic Diatom Index (TDI) and Diatom Assemblage Index to organic water pollution (DAIpo), the streams of LSC generally showed poorer water quality than those of MSC (Middle stream shape complexity) and HSC. In particular, BOD, TP, and $PO_4$-P showed significant relationships with DAIpo. In conclusion, shape complexity of streams in the Seom River watershed showed a close relation with benthic diatom distribution. This relation seemed to primarily be resulted from the effect of proximate factors, such as water quality, which might be affected by the land use types determining the degree of SSC.