• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.130-138
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• 2002

Purpose : This study analyzed the prognostic factors affecting the survival rate and evaluated the role of radiation therapy in muscle-invading bladder cancer. Materials and Methods : Twenty eight patients with bladder cancer who completed planned definitive radiotherapy in the Departments of Therapeutic Radiology and Urology, Chonnam National University Hospital between Jan. 1986 to Dec. 1998 were retrospectively analyzed. The reviews were peformed based on the patients' medical records. There were 21 males and 7 females in this study. The median of age was 72 years old ranging from 49 to 84 years. All patients were confirmed as having transitional cell carcinoma with histological grade 1 in one patient, grade 2 in 15, grade 3 in 9, and uninformed in 3. Radiation therapy was peformed using a linear accelerator with 6 or 10 MV X-rays. Radiation was delivered daily with a 1.8 or 2.0 Gy fraction size by 4 ports (anterior-posterior, both lateral, alternatively) or 3 ports (Anterior and both lateral). The median radiation dose delivered to the isocenter of the target volume was 61.24 Gy ranging from 59 to 66.6 Gy. The survival rate was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate analysis was peformed on the prognostic factors affecting the survival rate. Results : The survival rate was $76\%,\;46\%,\;33\%,\;33\%$ at 1, 2, 3, 5 years, respectively, with 19 months of median survival. The potential factors of age (less than 70 years vs above 70), sex, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hydronephrosis, 1-stage (T3a vs T3b), TUR, chemotherapy, total duration of radiotherapy, radiation dose (less than 60 Gy vs above 60 Gy), and the treatment response were investigated with uniand multivariate analysis. Un univariate analysis, the T-stage (p=0.078) and radiation dose (p=0.051) were marginally significant, and the treatment response (p=0.011) was a statistically significant factor on the survival rate. Multivariate analysis showed there were no significant prognostic factors affecting the survival rate. Conclusion : The treatment response and radiation dose are suggested as th은 statistically significant factors affecting the survival rate of muscle invasive bladder cancer. A Further prospective randomized study is needed to confirm these prognostic factors.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.317-329
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• 2002

Background : Immunotherapy is another treatment modality for various cancers. There is little information on the antitumor effects of immunotherapy on implanted lung cancer mouse models. Toxoplasma gondii is able to potently induce a nonspecific stimulation of the host immune system. Therefore, this study evaluated the antitumor and antimetastatic effect of nonspecific immune stimulation by T. gondii in a Lewis lung cancer mouse model. Methods : Female C57BL/6 mice were injected with either Lewis lung cancer cells ($1{\times}10^6$ per mouse) or 5 cysts from the T. gondii Me49 strain with various schedules. The number of survival days, the tumor size of the implanted muscle and the histopathological findings of each group were noted. In addition to these mice, the Toxoplasma antigen($50{\mu}g$ per mouse) or a lymphokine (0.5 ml per mouse) was added to boost the immunotherapy. Results : No mouse in the Toxoplasma-infected group had died, whereas the mice receiving only the cancer cells (cancer control) survived for $29.1{\pm}4.4$ days. Cancer cells were revealed from 1 week after cancer cell inceulation in the muscle and from 3 weeks in the lung of the cancer control, whereas cancer cells were found in both the preinfection control and coinfection control groups from 2 weeks and 4 weeks in the lung respectively. The in the number of survival days were $32.4{\pm}3.3$ in the mice receiving T. gondii 2 weeks prior to the cancer cells inoculation (preinfection control), $30.9{\pm}5.1$ in mice received both simultaneously (coinfection control), and $34.9{\pm}2.9$ in mice received T. gondii 2 weeks after cancer cells implantation (postinfection control). These 3 infection groups had significantly longer survival days and suppressed tumor growth than those of the cancer control. In addition to these mice, and injection with the Toxoplasma antigen alone or in combination with lymphokine resulted in a significant increase in the number of survival days. Conclusion : These findings suggest that an injection with T. gondii can induce the antitumor and antimetastatic effects in Lewis lung cancer mouse models. Moreover, these effects were increased with an injection of the Toxoplasma antigen alone or in combination with lymphokine. However, this therapy can not prevent the development of cancer.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.380-388
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• 2017

The services of the IoT environment should constantly collect situation information, and perform appropriate actions according to the situation. Therefore, there is a need for a method that can express collected situation information. In this paper, we propose a situation information model based on ontology for IoT environment. Since the proposed model is ontology based, it supports semantic interoperability. We also build an upper-level ontology to model common situation information of various IoT domains. It is easy to understand and use because it expresses situation information consistently by expressing person, environment, and thing constituting IoT environment as class and defining properties indicating the situation. In addition, since the situation information need to reflect dynamic situation, it has a feature to model the creation time and the life time of the situation information so as to judge the validity of the information. The proposed ontology model is described using OWL, and the service can be described based on the constructed ontology.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.10 no.3 s.35
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• pp.237-247
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• 2005

Ubiquitous Sensor Network(USN) is the very core of a technology for the Ubiquitous environments. There is the weakness from various security attacks such that tapping of sensor informations, flowing of abnormal packets, data modification and Denial of Service(DoS) etc. And it's required counterplan with them. Especially it's restricted by the capacity of battery and computing. By reasons of theses. positively, USN security technology needs the lightweighted design for the low electric energy and the minimum computing. In this paper, we propose lightweight USN mutual authentication methology based on trust model to solve above problems. The proposed authentication model can minimize the measure of computing because it authenticates the sensor nodes based on trust information represented by subjective logic model. So it can economize battery consumption and resultingly increse the lifetime of sensor nodes.

• Journal of Practical Engineering Education
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• v.16 no.1_spc
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• pp.59-64
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• 2024

As the aging population grows, the incidence of cancer is increasing. Skin cancer appears externally, but people often don't notice it or simply overlook it. As a result, if the early detection period is missed, the survival rate in the case of late stage cancer is only 7.5-11%. However, the disadvantage of diagnosing, serious skin cancer is that it requires a lot of time and money, such as a detailed examination and cell tests, rather than simple visual diagnosis. To overcome these challenges, we propose an Attention-based CNN model skin cancer classification system. If skin cancer can be detected early, it can be treated quickly, and the proposed system can greatly help the work of a specialist. To mitigate the problem of image data imbalance according to skin cancer type, this skin cancer classification model applies the Over Sampling, technique to data with a high distribution ratio, and adds a pre-learning model without an Attention layer. This model is then compared to the model without the Attention layer. We also plan to solve the data imbalance problem by strengthening data augmentation techniques for specific classes.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1147-1158
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• 1998

Background: Portable cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB) technique has been used increasingly as a potent and effective option for emergency cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) because it can maintain more stable hemodynamics and provide better survival than conventional CPR techniques. This study was designed to develop a prototype of Korean portable CPB system and, by applying it to CPR, to discriminate whether it would be superior to standard open-chest CPR. Material and Method: By using adult mongrel dogs, open-chest CPR(OCPR group, n=4) and portable-CPB CPR(CPB group, n=4) were compared with respects to restoration of spontaneous circulation(ROSC), hemodynamics, effects on blood cells, blood gas patterns, biochemical markers, and survivals. Ventricular fibrillation-cardiac arrest(VF-CA) of arrest(VF-CA) of 4 minutes followed by basic life support(BLS) of 15 minutes was applied in either group, which was standardized by the protocol of American Heart Association. Then, advanced life support(ALS) was applied to either group under the support of internal cardiac massage or CPB. ALS was maintained until ROSC was achieved but not longer than 30 minutes regardless of the presence of ROSC. All of the measured values were expressed as means±SD percent change from baseline. Result: During the early ALS, higher mean arterial pressure was maintained in CPB group than in OCPR group(90±19 vs. 71±32 %; p<.05) and lower mean pulmonary arterial pressure was also maintained in CPB group than in OCPR group(105±24 vs. 146±6%; p<.05). ROSC was achieved in all dogs. Post-ROSC levels of hematocrit, RBC, and platelet were decreased and plasma free hemoglobin was increased significantly in CPB group compared to OCPR group(p<.05). Changes in blood gas patterns, lactate, and CK-MB levels were not different between groups. Early mortality was seen in 3 dogs in OCPR group(survival time 31±36 hours) and 2 in CPB group(228±153 hours, p=ns). The remainders in both groups showed prolonged survival. Conclusion: These findings indicate that portable CPB can be effective to maintain stable hemodynamics during cardiac arrest, to achieve ROSC and to prolong survival. Further study is needed to refine the portable CPB system and to meet clinical challenges.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2010

Background: The commercially used vascular xenografts have some problems such as calcification, fibrosis and tissue degeneration that are associated with inflammatory and immunologic reactions. We compared two methods of xenograft preservation (fresh cryopreservation versus acellularized cryopreservation) of goat aorta. Material and Method: Aortic valved xenografts were harvested from adult pigs, and these were preserved using fresh cryopreservation (FC group, n=4) or acellularized crypreservation (AC group, n=4). These xenografts were implanted into adult goats. There were 2 short-term survivors (less than 100 days) and 2 long-term survivors in each group. These xenografts were explanted and they underwent microscopic examination. Result: The goats survived 31, 40, 107 and 411 days in the FC group and the other goats survived 5, 40, 363 and 636 days in the AC group. All the short-term survivors in each group expired because of rupture at the proximal anastomosis site. Marked neutrophil infiltration was observed in the FC group FC and lymphocytes were observed in the AC group. There were no differences in the occurrence of calcification, fibrosis and thrombosis among the groups. Conclusion: Some goats survived more than 100 days after the xenograft implantation irrespective of the methods of preservation. Because severe tissue degeneration developed in both groups, we think these methods are not appropriate for xenograft preservation of aorta. It was worth a preliminary trial for improving the preservation method or to modify the processing of xenografts.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.285-291
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• 2008

Purpose: Although automatic quantification software of myocardial perfusion SPECT provides highly objective and reproducible quantitative measurements, there is still some limitation in the direct use of quantitative measurements. In this study we derived parameters using normal variation of perfusion measurements, and tried to test the usefulness of these parameters. Materials and Methods: In order to calculate normal variation of perfusion measurements on myocardial perfusion SPECT, 55 patients (M:F = 28:27) of low-likelihood for coronary artery disease were enrolled and $^{201}TI$ rest/$^{99m}Tc$-MIBI stress SPECT studies were performed. Using 20-segment model, mean (m) and standard deviation (SD) of perfusion were calculated in each segment. As a myocardial viability assessment group, another 48 patients with known coronary artery disease, who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) were enrolled. $^{201}TI$ rest/$^{99m}Tc$-MIBI stress / $^{201}TI$ 24-hr delayed SPECT was performed before CABG and SPECT was followed up 3 months after CABG. From the preoperative 24-hr delayed SPECT, $Q_{delay}$ (perfusion measurement), ${\Delta}_{delay}$ ($Q_{delay}$ - m) and $Z_{delay}$ (($Q_{delay}$ - m)/SD) were defined and diagnostic performances of them for myocardial viability were evaluated using area under curve (AUC) on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: Segmental perfusion measurements showed considerable normal variations among segments. In men, the lowest segmental perfusion measurement was $51.8{\pm}6.5$ and the highest segmental perfusion was $87.0{\pm}5.9$, and they are $58.7{\pm}8.1$ and $87.3{\pm}6.0$, respectively in women. In the viability assessment $Q_{delay}$ showed AUC of 0.633, while those for ${\Delta}_{delay}$ and $Z_{delay}$ were 0.735 and 0.716, respectively. The AUCs of ${\Delta}_{delay}$ and $Z_{delay}$ were significantly higher than that of $Q_{delay}$ (p = 0.001 and 0.018, respectively). The diagnostic performance of ${\Delta}_{delay}$, which showed highest AUC, was 85% of sensitivity and 53% of specificity at the optimal cutoff of -24.7. Conclusion: On automatic quantification of myocardial perfusion SPECT, the normal variation of perfusion measurements were considerable among segments. In the viability assessment, the parameters considering normal variation showed better diagnostic performance than the direct perfusion measurement. This study suggests that consideration of normal variation is important in the analysis of measurements on quantitative myocardial perfusion SPECT.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.11-17
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• 2021

The 30mm anti-aircraft gun has been developed with various types of weapon systems such as protective, protective complex, and wheel-type anti-aircraft artillery. The role of this anti-aircraft gun is an important anti-aircraft weapon in charge of air defense. Anti-aircraft weapons are tasked with defending the airspace from aircraft attacks. In particular, anti-aircraft weapons are organized in combination with mechanized units. And anti-aircraft weapons are prone to attack by enemies because they operate on the front lines of the battlefield. The enemy is expected to attack our troops by covering up or concealing as much as possible in order to increase their viability. Therefore, this study analyzed whether our 30mm anti-aircraft bullets could subdue the enemy in cover. This study analyzed the performance of 30mm anti-aircraft bullets using the M&S technique. For this study, live shooting and simulation method by M&S were used for the experiment. In this study, steel plate and plywood were used for the live shooting experiment. In addition, in the simulation process through M&S, this study used the PRODAS model, AUTODYN model, and Split-x model to analyze the trajectory, penetration, and fragmentation capability of 30mm anti-aircraft bullets. According to the experimental results, it has been proven that 30mm anti-aircraft bullets can destroy enemy armored vehicles. 30mm anti-aircraft bullets succeeded in quickly subduing enemies concealed in general buildings or forests. In this way, it was possible to minimize damage to allies in advance.

• 한국벤처창업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2017.04a
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• pp.25-25
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• 2017

전국에 1,000여개의 다문화 기관들이 활동 중이다. 그중 정부주도형인 여성가족부 지정 다문화가족지원센터 210여 곳을 제외한 나머지 기관들은 대부분 정부 민간 혼합형이거나 민간주도형 기관들이다. 정부주도형 기관들은 중앙정부와 지방자치단체로부터 운영비가 지원되지만 정부 민간 혼합형이나 민간주도형 기관들은 운영비를 기부금 또는 후원금에 의존한다. 그러나 경제위기의 도래로 기부금이나 후원금이 급감하는 상황에서 정부 민간 혼합형이나 민간주도형 기관들의 자립은 더욱더 어려워질 전망이다. 이러한 전망과는 달리, 지원 대상들과 다문화이슈는 지금보다 훨씬 더 늘어날 전망이다. 국내 이주민의 수는 매년 증가추세이다. 향후 2050년이 되면 전체인구의 10%가 외국인이라는 전망도 나온다. 외국인의 정주화 그리고 가족이민 증가에 따른 상이한 종교와 문화에 대한 편견 없는 이해와 대화가 강조될 것이며, 학교교육정책, 직업양성, 노동시장정책, 동등한 노동조건과 사회보장 요구, 사회적 차별에 대한 계몽정책 등 다양한 다문화 이슈도 부각될 것이다. 이처럼 다양한 분야에서 다문화 이슈를 가장 잘 다룰 수 있는 민간주도형 다문화기관의 자립 여부는 다문화 지원정책의 성패와도 연결된다고 볼 수 있다. 결국 민간주도형 다문화기관이 지금의 운영구조를 개선하고 재정적 자립을 확보하기 위해서는 다문화 관련 비즈니스모델 개발을 통해 다문화 기관들이 스스로 자립할 수 있는 사회적기업에 관심을 가질 수밖에 없다. 사천다문화통합지원센터는 비영리민간단체로 지난 13년 동안 창조적인 다문화 사업들을 추진하여 괄목할만한 성과를 거두었다. 그러나 일반 기부금이나 후원금으로 운영비를 충당하고 있는 상황에서 자립 기반 구축을 위한 비즈니스 모델 개발은 필수적이었다. 마침내 요리조리아시아 협동조합을 만들어 청소년 공정여행 프로그램인 세계로여행학교와 아열대채소 농장을 운영중에 있다. 뿐만 아니라 기업의 CSR(Corporate Social Responsibility) 해외공헌사업도 위탁받아 운영하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 사천다문화통합지원센터가 그동안 진행해 온 청소년 공정여행과 아열대채소 농장을 다문화기관의 비즈니스 모델적 측면에서 사례 분석한 후, 벤치마킹을 통해 민간주도형 다문화기관들로 확대시킴으로써 사회혁신의 기회를 증대시킬 방안을 제시하였다.