• The Microorganisms and Industry
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.26-32
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• 1994

생물학적 폐수처리란 유기물을 함유한 폐수를 처리하기 위하여 물의 자정작용을 부분적으로 이용하여 인공적으로 효율을 높인 방법을 말한다. 이런 생물학적 처리가 물리화학적인 처리법보다 경제적인 경우는 대개 용존 유기물의 농도가 수천 ppm미만으로 (대개 수백 ppm) 묽은 경우이다. 생물학적 처리는 물리화학적 처리법에 비해 초기투자비가 큰 반면 운전비가 적고 2차 오염물질의 발생도 적은 편이다. 1992년 현재 국내의 폐수처리장의수는 약 25,000개이고 이중 생물학적 폐수처리장이 설치된 곳은 약 2,400여곳으로 대개 일일 배출량이 50톤 이상인 곳이다. 총 배출량은 약 800만톤/일이며 톤당 처리비를 평균 400원 정도로 가정한다면 년간 1조 1천억원이 폐수처리를 위해 쓰여지고 있음을 추정할 수 있다. 폐수처리설비는 최근 매년 15% 이상의 증가를 보여왔으며 배출수 기준이 강화됨에 따라 실질적인 운전비는 더욱 커지고 있는 추세이다. 따라서 이러한 폐수처리설비의 핵심인 생물학적 처리공정의 효율을 증대하는 것이 중요하며 이에 생물공학의 적극적인 활용이 요청되고 있는 것이다. 여기서는 폐수처리에 쓰이는 생물반응기의 현황을 고찰하고 향후 해결해야 할 방향을 살펴보고자 한다.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.170-176
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• 2008

Organic carbon distribution and carbon budget of a Quercus variabilis forest in the Youngha valley of Mt. Worak National Park were investigated. Carbon in above and below ground standing biomass, litter layer, and soil organic carbon were measured from 2005 through 2006. For the estimation of carbon budget, soil respiration was measured. The amount of carbon allocated to above- and below-ground biomass was 56.22 and 13.90 ton C ha$^{-1}$. Amount of organic carbon in annual litterfall was 2.33 ton C ha$^{-1}$ yr$^{-1}$. Amount of soil organic carbon within 50 cm soil depth was 119.14 ton C ha$^{-1}$ 50 cm-depth$^{-1}$. Total amount of organic carbon in this Q. variabilis forest was 193.96 ton C ha$^{-1}$. Of these, 61.43% of organic carbon was allocated in the soil. Net increase of organic carbon in above- and below-ground biomass in this Q. variabilis forest was estimated to 7.68 ton C ha$^{-1}$ yr$^{-1}$. The amount of carbon evolved through soil respiration was 6.21 ton C ha$^{-1}$ yr$^{-1}$. Net amount of 1.47 ton C ha$^{-1}$ yr$^{-1}$ was absorbed from the atmosphere by this Q. variabilis forest.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.148.4-149
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• 2001

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1997.10b
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• pp.123.2-123
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• 1997

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.130-138
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• 1989

Microbiological parameters such as bacterial biovolume and biomass in Soyang Reservoir was statistically analyzed with the physico-chemical enviromental factors. Analysis of correlation and multiple regression showed that temperature affects most of microbiological parameters. Variations of total bacterial number, total bacterial biovolume and saprophyte number were highly correlatd with the concentrations of chlorophyll a and pheophytin a. Bacterial production by the $^{3}H$-thymidine incorporation rate was largely affected by Seston. It suggests that microbiological factors such as bacterial biovolume and bacterial biomass were controled by the concentration of seston and distribution of phytoplankton which acts as carbon and energy source for the bacterial community in the water column of Soyang Reservoir.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.44-57
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• 2003

Seasonal variations of bacterial abundance and production, heterotrophic nanoflagellate (HNF) abundance and HNF ingestion rates on bacteria using FLB together with environmental variables were investigated at intervals of a month in Kyeonggi Bay from December 1991 to November 1998. Bacterial abundance and production ranged from 0.38$\times$10$^{9}$ ~ 3.25$\times$10$^{9}$ cells 1$^{-1}$ (average 1.19$\pm$0.69$\times$10$^{9}$ cells 1$^{-1}$ ) and from 1.51 to 20.4 cells 1$^{-1}$ h$^{-1}$ (average 6.04$\pm$ 1.88$\times$10$^{6}$ cells 1$^{-1}$ h$^{-1}$ ), respectively. Bacterial abundance and production showed no differences at the high tide and low tide, and bacterial abundances were not different with depth, but bacterial production decreased with depth. Seasonal variation of bacterial abundance showed almost similar fluctuation pattern to those of DOC (dissolved organic carbon). HNF abundances ranged from 388 to 4,374 cells ml$^{-1}$ (average 1,344$\pm$130 cells ml$^{-1}$ ), were high in March, April, July and August. HNF abundance showed no difference between the high tide and low tide, and was not different with depth. The ingestion rates of HNF on bacteria were 1.0 to 6.3$\pm$10$^{6}$ bacteria 1$^{-1}$ h$^{-1}$ (average 3.12$\pm$0.55$\times$10$^{6}$ bacteria 1$^{-1}$ h$^{-1}$ ), resulting ingestion rates of HNF removed 19.4 to 141.4 %(average 62.3$\pm$12.0%) of bacterial production. Ingestion rates and grazing pressure of HNF on bacteria showed high correlation with HNF abundance. Although we cannot exactly discussion about seasonal variation of bacteria community in this study area where physical and chemical parameters were very complex, the results indicate that bacterial abundance and production were mainly controlled by resources supply as dissolved organic carbon and chlorophyll-a(bottom-up) except March which bacterial abundance and production uncoupled chlorophyll-a because of low dissolved organic carbon and low temperature, and were controlled by HNF grazing pressure(top-down) in the warm seasons except the winter.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.243-249
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• 2000

Seasonal variation in species composition and abundance of shallow water fish off Yongwon, Jinhae in the southern coast of Korea was determined by the analysis of monthly samples collected by a beach seine from January to December, 1998. Among 54 species identified, the resident species such as Favonigobius gymnauchen, Chaenogobius laevis, Pholis nebulosa and juvenile Hyporhamphus intermedius were predominated in abundance. The temporal species such as Sardinella zunasi, Leiognathus nuchalis and Takifugu niphobles were collected between April and September. Mean abundance (322 individuals/1000 $m^2$ or 806 g/1000 $m^2$) was higher than that in the shallow sand surf zone of Teachon, but lower than that in the shallow mud area of Chonsu Bay in the western coast of Korea. A large number of H. intermedius were collected in cold months between November and January. The dominant resident species began to be collected from february, and the number of species and biomass were increased until July. A small number of temporal species were collected and subsequently the abundance was low from August to October when high abundance was expected as in the other shallow waters by recruitment of a large number of juveniles of temporal species. The low abundance in these warm months seemed to be related to the water quality by weak water circulation in this shallow mud area.

• 한국생태학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.126.2-126.2
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• 1999

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.161-167
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• 2011

The primary variables are often systematically related to other influences apart from drug effect. For instance, there may be relationships to covariates such as health conditions or prognostic factors. When a $2{\times}2$ crossover experiment for bioequivalence is designed, the statistical adjustment for the influence of covariates should be considered if some covariates influence the drug effect. Statistical inference for assessing average bioequivalence for a $2{\times}2$ crossover design with covariates is given and an illustrated example is presented with discussion.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.09a
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• pp.266-268
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• 2004

대부분의 유기물은 토양의 특성에 따라 그 흡착 및 탈착 양상이 다르며 이는 오염물질의 토양에서의 지속성 및 이동성에 영향을 미치게 된다. 본 연구에서는 대표적인 유기오염물인 PAH(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon)에 대하여 흡착 및 탈착과 오염물질의 미생물 분해 등을 통한 제거 기작과의 연관성을 연구하고자 한다. PAH의 이론적인 미생물분해반응식은 열역학적 이론을 바탕으로 하는 반쪽반응방법을 사용하여 예측할 수 있다. 오염물과 토양의 특성에 따른 흡착 및 탈착 양상을 파악하고, 앞에서 구한 미생물 분해반응식을 이용하여 이론적 분해량을 예측하면 오염물의 생물학적 이용성과 노출량을 결정할 수 있다 이를 위하여 본 연구에서는 토양의 여러 특성을 분석한 후, PAH의 미생물 분해량 및 분해율을 측정하고자 한다. 실험을 통하여 실제 토양에서 측정된 PAH 분해량과 위의 이론적 분해량 예측 결과 사이의 관계를 토양의 특성을 이용하여 설명할 수 있으며 나아가 오염물질의 생물학적이용성에 관하여 개략적으로 일반화된 예측 모형을 얻을 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구를 통하여 토양과 유기오염물질, 미생물간의 상호 작용에 대한 이해를 높이고 보다 실질적인 유기오염물의 생물학적 이용성을 예측할 수 있는 방안을 마련할 수 있을 것이다.