• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 2006

Antioxidant activities and biological properties such as antimutagenic and cytotoxic effect of Phellinus linteus extracts from different extraction conditions were measured against Salmonella typhimurium and human cancer cell lines. DPPH free radical scavenging activities of the extracts were higher in the solutions extracted with ethanol (17.14) and ethanol after water (17.79), respectively. In the Ames test, ethanol extract of P. linteus alone did not exhibit any mutagenicity but showed substantial inhibitory effect against mutations induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO), and benzo $({\alpha})$ pyrene $(B({\alpha})P)$. The extracts of ethanol and ethanol after water of P. linteus $(200\;{\mu}g/plate)$ had the highest inhibitory effect of 61.5 and 60.9%, respectively, on the mutagenesis on S. typhimurium TA98 strain induced by $B({\alpha})P$. Extracted solutions of ethanol and ethanol after water of P. linteus showed high antimutagenic effect against MNNG, 4NQO, Trp-P-1 and $B({\alpha})P$, causing mutations in S. typhimurium TA100 strain. The anticancer effects of P. linteus extracts were investigated against human fibrosarcoma HT-29 and human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2. The treatment of 0.5 mg/ml of ethanol, ethanol after water and water extracts of P. linteus had the highest cytotoxicity of 59, 57, 54%, respectively against HT-27 cell line, whereas low cytotoxicity effects were observed against HepG2 cell line in the range of $10{\sim}30%$. The ethanol and water extracts of P. linteus also showed the nitrate scavenging ability at different pHs. The ethanol extract showed higher nitrate-scavenging ability compared to water extract of P. linteus.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.30-41
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• 1975

A substituted diphenyl ether herbicide(MC-4379) was studied on the decomposition by some environmental factors; sunlight, microorganisms, and the crude enzyme in rice plant extract. All the decomposition products were confirmed by means of TLC, GLC, and IR. The parent compound and the decomposition products were put to the test for the effect on the growth of some plants. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Photolysis Amino-MC-4379, 2,4-dichloro-3'-carboxyl-4'-nitrodiphenyl ether, Nitrofen, 2,4-dichloro-3'-carboxyl-4'-amino-diphenyl ether, amino-Nitrofen, 3-carboxymethyl-4-nitrophenol, p-nitrophenol, p-aminophenol, etc. were confirmed as photoproducts, in addition to a relatively small amount of an unknown compound. It was confirmed that the solution-phase photolysis of MC-4379 was accelerated much more by the aid of a photosensitizer benzophenone. 2. Degradation by the crude extract of germinating rice seeds Nitrofen was confirmed as a major degradation product, in addition to a relatively small amount of and unknown compound. Most of the parent compound remained unchanged. 3. Degradation by microorganisms Nitrofen and amino-MC-4379 were confirmed as the major products. in addition to a small amount of an unknown compound. 4. The germinating rice seeds and soybean were grown in the 1,000 ppm emulsions of some chemicals, respectively. The effect on rice plant growth was in the inhibitory order of p-nitrophenol > C-6989> Nitrofen > amino-Nitrofen > MC-4379. The effect on soybean was in the order of Nitrofen > amino-Nitrofen > MC-4379. Two weeds, Amantus blitum and Setaria viridis were grown in the 500 ppm emulsions containing the compounds, respectively. After incubation for 3 days, it was observed that all the shoots had been dead.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.169-173
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• 1972

In five varietes of Citrus junos sieb grown in different area in Korea, the general components, total acids and inorganic components were calculated and compared with one other. In the orchard soils, the physical and chemical properties were studied. The results are summarized as follow: 1. Generally, the rind was weighter than tile flesh compared with the other fruits and the proportion of the rind was 49%. 2. Total contents of organic acids in rind and flesh were 12.29me and 39.79me respectively. 3. The order of the contents of inorganic components in the flesh and rind was $CaO>K_2O>MgO>P_2O_5>SO_4$ 4. The contents of crude protein and crude fat were increased with those of MgO and $SO_4$ in fruits. 5. The quantity of protein in the soil seed to influence greatly in rind formation not only in citrus fruits but also Citrus junos sieb. 6. In growing Citrus junos sieb, C.L. seemed to he the most adequate soil. 7. The pH range of the soil was from 5.05 to 7.20 generally. 8. The contents of crude protein and crude fat in citrus fruits seemed to be increased with those of organic material and total-nitrogen in the soil.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 1975

These studies were conducted to induce the available mutants in Takju yeasts by the irradiation of UV light. Two original strains(5-Y-5, 6-Y-6) using for irradiation of UV selected from 24 strains which were isolated from the Takju mashes And Nuruks collected from 12 local regions of Chungnam and Chungbuk provinces in Korea, and the irradiations to the yeasts with UV light were carried out at a distance 10-40cm from the sources of irradiation for 10-220 seconds. The purpose of this experiment is to report the effects of irradiating distances and times of UV light on the survival ratio of orginal yeasts, and the identification of two orginal yeasts and three mutants induced by the irradiation of UV light. The results were summarized as follows. 1) The effects of irradiating distances and times on the survival ratio on the yeasts were represented as follows. and acid productivity to the survival strains by the irradiation of UV light. The selected mutants were the strains 30-24, 40-27 which have more powerful fermentability about 10 percent than those of original strains and a strain 30-81 which have potential acid productivity. 3) The selected yeasts (5-Y-5, 6-Y-6) were identified to Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a taxonomic study of Lodder and the mutants(30-81, 40-27, 30-81) induced from above yeasts by the irradiation of UV light have almost same properties two orginal yeasts in the identical characteristics.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.85-93
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• 1973

These experiments were carried out to study influences of the kind of yeasts and of brewing condition on fermentation of Takjoo mash. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Kind of yeasts and the number of yeasts in mash. When the first stage mash was fermented at $20^{\circ}C$ for $1.5{\sim}2.5$ days and at $25^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$ for $1{\sim}2days$, in the second stage mash that was fermented at high temperature, the number of yeasts was less as compared with the case of fermentation at low temperature, but the living yeasts number of Takjoo yeast strain Dm-1 was more than those of sake yeast, strain No. 7. 2. Kind of yeasts and composition of ripened mash. 1) In the secondstage mash that was fermented at high temperature($30{\sim}35^{\circ}C$), alcohol percentage of ripened mash using the selected Takjoo yeasts (strains: Dm-1, Y-1) was remarkably higher than the case of another yeasts (strains: No.7, No.6, No. 396, No. 1). 2) Acidity of mash had a little differences between strain Dm-1 and strain No. 7. 3) In the second stage mash that was fermented at high temperature ($30{\sim}35^{\circ}C$), the amount of Formol-N using strain Dm-1 was remarkably less than strain No.7. 3. Brewing condition and alcohol percentage of mash. 1) The fit amount of wheat bran Kuk addition per material was 3 percentage and it was adequate to use the mixture of wheat flour Kuk 20 percentage and wheat bran Kuk 1-2 percentage. 2) Though brewing concentration of the first stage mash was duiluted by twice of general brewing concentration, the yeast reproduction was normal. 3) In addition of wheat flour $80{\sim}140g$ per 180ml water, alcohol percentage of the mash increased almost propotionally according to the increase of the amount of wheat flour. 4) It was recognized that three stage brewing was superior in method to two stage brewing at present.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.42-51
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• 1975

Penicillium sp I which produces a powerful hydrolysing enzyme was isolated from putrefid and dry Jerusalem artichoke medium. The strain was used to study on the optimum culture conditions for enzyme production. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Penicillium sp I was a vigorous strain to produce inulase. 2. The optimum culture conditions of the strain was examined in the Jerusalem artichoke extract medium and the synthetic medium. 3. Inulase productivity in the Jerusalem artichoke extract medium was higher than that of the synthetic medium. 4. The optimum culture period of the Jerusalem artichoke extract medium was four days, whereas that of the synthetic medium was five days. 5. The optimum temperature, pH and concentration in the Jerusalem artichoke extract medium were $30^{\circ}C$, 5.0 and 4.0% (W/V), respectively. Meanwhile, the optimum temperature, pH and concentration in the synthetic medium were $30{\sim}33^{\circ}C$, $5.0{\sim}6.0$, and $1.0{\sim}1.5%$ (W/V), respectively. 6. Corn steep liquor, peptone, $(NH_4)_2HPO_4,\;NH_4H_2PO_4,\;(NH_4)_2SO_4$, etc. were favorable as nitrogen sources. Of these, especially, Corn steep liquor and peptone as organic nitrogen sources caused an increase in inulase production in the synthetic medium. 7. All sugars except for inulin have no effect upon the inulase production. 8. KCl, $MgSO_4\;and\;FeSO_4$ were favourable mineral sources for inulase production.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 1971

In order to obtain basic information on the production of single cell protein from petroleum, more than 400 yeast strains were isolated from various soil samples in Korea utilizing petroleum hydrocarbon as the sole carbon source. A yeast strain showing the highest cell yield among the isolated strains was selected and identified. The optimal culture condition was searched in the flasks shaken throughout the procedure. And the growing characteristics for the selected yeast strain and chemical analysis of the yeast cell component were carried out. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The selected yeast strain was identified as Candida curvata and we named it Candida curvata-SNU 70. 2. The composition of the medium proposed for the present yeast strain is: Light Gas Oil 30ml, Urea 400mg, Ammonium sulfate 100mg, Potasium phosphate (monobasic) 670mg, Sodium phosphate (dibasic) 330mg, Magnesium sulfate 500mg, Calcium carbonate 3g, Yeast extract 50mg, Tween 20 0.05ml, Tap water 1,000ml. 3. Other culture conditions employed for the yeast were pH 5.5-7.0, temp. $30^{\circ}C$ under an affluent aerobic state. 4. Addition of light gas oil in portions to the culture media as the growth proceeded was more effective, especially in the cultivation on the higher oil concentration media. 5. Studies on the propagation of the yeast cells in the light gas oil medium revealed that the yeast has the lag phase lasted 16 hours and the logarithmic growth phase covered 16 to 28 hours. The specific growth rate was about $0.22\;hr^{-1}$ and doubling time was 3.2 hrs. during the logarithmic growth phase. 6. Under the cultural condition employed, the cell yield against the amount of light gas oil (wt%) was 16.1% and the protein content of the dried yeast cells was 48.4%.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.111-142
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• 1972

An experimental Chung-Kook-Jang was prepared using the strain Bacillus subtilis sp. isolated by the author Samples were taken in 12 hrs interval during the fermentation and the oligopeptides were separated by the method of molecular sieving using the ion exchange resin column of Dowex-50. Only the X-16 fraction of oligopeptides was taken and the components of oligopeptides were developed in two dimensional thin layer chromatograms. The each peptide spot was eluted and each peptide was isolated. The pattern and kinds of amino acids, and N and C-terminal amino acids were studied. Fourteen different oligopeptides could be detected by the two dimensional thin layer chromatography, all of which were consisted of $4{\sim}9$ kinds of amino acids. No dipeptides and no tripeptides could be found. The N and C-terminal amino acids and the residual component amino acids of all these 14 peptides could be summarized as the follows. [P]-I. Pro (Cys Ala Asp Trp Ile Val) Glu [P]-II. Val (His Arg Glu Thr Ala Met) Asp [P]-III. Glu (Cys Lys Asp Thr Met) Ala [P]-IV. Glu(His Ser Ala) Met) [P]-V. Ile (Cys Asp Arg Gly Pro T.p Phe) His [P]-VI. Gly(Asp ser) Lys [P]-VII. Thr(Pro Tyr Phe) Asp [P]-VIII. Phe(Tyr Leu Ile) Val [P]-IX. Trp (Phelle) Thr [P]-X. Ile (Arg Leu) Phe [P]-XI. Asp (Lys His Ser Gly Glu Pro) Ala [P]-XII. Glu (Cys Asp Gly) Ser [P]-XIII. Ala (Arg Tyr) Glu [P]-XIV. Met (Glu Ala) His It appears that the protease of the Bacillus subtilis K-27 syrain has rather wider range of specificity than proteases of Aspergoillus soya, pepsin, chymotrypsin, and trypsin.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.92-96
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• 2002

Present contamination levels of soils along the major roadsides of Seoul, Korea were investigated, and base-line data were accumulated for future use. Topsoil $(1{\sim}5$ cm) and subsoil $(20{\sim}50$ cm) from five districts (Gangdong-, Gwangjin-, Nowon-, Seodaemun- and Seongdong-gu) were sampled. The collected samples were airdried, passed through 2-mm sieves, and analyzed to determine the physicochemical properties including pH, EC, CEC, exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K, and Na), and heavy metal contents (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn). Soil textures of topsoils and subsoils were mainly loamy sand and sandy loam, respectively. The range of pH was $4.5{\sim}10$.0 with an average of 7.5 for both topsoil and subsoil, which is much higher than that of the forest soils in Seoul. The ranges of 0.1 N HCI extractable Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn contents for both topsoils and subsoils were $0.0l{\sim}l.19$, N.D. (not $detected){\sim}228$.99, $N.D.{\sim}352$.54, and $2.97{\sim}332$.96 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively. Most of the average heavy metal contents were lower than the concern level of the Soil Environment Conservation Act of Korea, but were much higher than those of the , forest soils in Seoul. Some sites were higher in heavy metal contents than the concern levels; in particular, the average Cu content in Seongdong-gu was much higher than the concern level, 50 mg $kg^{-1}$. Careful management of the soil to prevent the aggravation of the present contamination level and the dissemination of contamination is highly recommended.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.71-76
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• 2002

Several antagonistic bacteria, SD-1, 4, 10, 11, 14, 15, and 16, which have strong CMCase and amylase activities, were isolated from the fermented mushroom media. Among them, SD-1, 10, 11, and 15 have strong antibacterial activities against the mushroom pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas sp., and SD-1, 10, 11, 14, and 16 have strong antifungal activities against the mushroom pathogenic fungi, Trichoderma sp. SD-14, 15, and 16 did not inhibit the growth of mushroom Pleurotus eryngii ASI-2302, and Pleurotus ostreatus ASI-2042 and ASI-2180. When the culture broth mixture of the seven bacterial strains was applied to the mushroom media, the growths of pathogens, Pseudomonas sp. and Trichoderma sp., were inhibited.