• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.219-234
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• 1974

A series of experiments was conducted to study the behavior of the phosphorus added to the soils having the high phorphorus fixing capacity derived from volcanic ash in Cheju Island. Soil samples were taken from different depths of 0-10, 10-30, and 30-50cm in six citrus orchards where heavy application of phosphate fertilizer has been practised. Various forms of phosphorus were determined and phosphorus adsorption experiments were performed. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. The content of inorganic phosphorus fractions determined by the method of Chang and Jackson was: water soluble P

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1973

In order to obtain the basic informations on the production of single cell protein from ethanol, 145 yeast strains utilizing ethanol as a sole carbon source were isolated from 32 soil samples in Korea. A yeast strain showing the highest cell yield among the isolated strains was selected and identified. The optimum culture condition, utilization of other carbon sources and the cultural characteristics for the selected yeast, and the chemical analysis of the yeast cell composition, and utilization of ethanol by the selected yeast were investigated. All the culture was carried out in the shaking flasks. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The selected yeast strain was identified as Debaryomyces nicotianae-SNU 72. 2. The optimum composition of the medium for the selected yeast is : Ethanol 40 ml, Urea 0.5 g, Potassium phosphate (dibasic) 0.5 g, Ammoium phosphate (monobasic) 0.15 g, Magnesium sulfate 0.05 g, Calcium chloride 0.01g, Yeast extract 0.005 g, Tap water 1000 ml. 3. The optimum pH was 5.0-5.5, the optimum temperature $30-33^{\circ}C$ and the aerobic state was unimportant. 4. Utilization of methanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, iso-butanol, tert-amyl alcohol and acetic acid by the selected yeast was very weak. So substitution of the subtrate was thought to be impossible. 5. Studies on the propagation of the yeast cells showed that the lag phase of the yeast cells lasted 16 hours, and the logarithmic growth phase extended 16 to 28 hours. The specific growth rate was about $0.19\;hr^{-1}$ and the doubling time was 3.6 hours during the logarithmic growth phase. 6. As the result of the chemical analysis of the dry yeast cells, the content rate of the crude protein was 55.19 %, the content of others was similar to the average content of the yeast component. 7. After 34 hours cultivation, under the optimum culture condition investigated, the dry cell yield against the amount of the added ethanol was 53.4 % (W/V%), the dry cell yield against the amount of the utilized ethanol was 73.6 % (W/V%), the evaporation rate of ethanol was about 19.1 %.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.11
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• pp.35-41
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• 1969

In order to determine proper ratio of wheat to soybean of soysauce koji material for Korean people's taste, sensory evaluation for the soysauces made from soysauce kojis with various above-mentioned ratio and analysis of chemical components through the brewing period of six months were carried out. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The specific gravity of all the soysauces increased gradually as the time passed and had maximum values in two months with nearly constant values thereafter. Concerning soybean/wheat-ratio, generally, the higher soybean/wheat-ratio, the lower specific gravity was observed but when this ratio was higher than 10 : 6, the gravity was on the similar levels. 2. The solid material in all the soysauces increased in the earlier stage and there were no significant differences among the treatments but soysauces without wheat had a little low content. 3. The lesser amount of wheat as raw material was, the higher contents of total nitrogen were and the contents of total nitrogen in the every ratio of raw material increased parallely as the mash ages. 4. The amino-nitrogen levels were found to have the simllar tendency to total nitroghen levels. 5. The reducing sugar content was higher in the soysauces with more-wheat and increased rapidly up to the maximum level in two months and then the higher wheat/soybean-ratio was, the slower decrease of the sugar content was observed. 6. The maximum total acidity was observed in the soysauces with 10; 4-6 (soybean/wheat-ratio) and increased similary in all the soysauces throughout the period. 7. According to the sensory evaluation, the short (2-3 months) fermented soysauces showed best taste when soybean/wheat-ratio was 10 : 8 and 10 : 6 if diluted, but in long (4-6 months) fermented soysauces it was 10 : 6 and 10 : 4 if diluted.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.11
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• pp.83-88
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• 1969

94 Cellulase producing strains were isoated from soils, composts, rotten woods and straws, and gastric contents and feces of herbivorous animals in various places. Among them, the strain MC-9, MC-10, MC-53 and MC-61 were found to be highly active in the degradation of carboxy methyl cellulose. Their cultural conditions adequate for the cellulase formation and effects of inorganic salts and various organic substances added to the wheat bran media were investigated. The results obtained are as follows; 1. Optimum conditions for the cellulase formation were MC-9: pH 5.5, temp. $35^{\circ}C$, incubation time 5 days, MC-10: pH 5.5-6.0, temp. $30^{\circ}C$, incubation time 5 days, MC-53: pH 3.5, temp. $30^{\circ}C$, incubation time 5 days, MC-61: pH 3.5-4.0, temp. 30-$35^{\circ}C$, incubation time 5 days. 2. Their cellulase activity in their optimum conditions were MC-9: CMC-LP(liquefying power). 87.7%, CMC-SP(saccharifying power) 3.20 glucose mg./gm. of the cultures/min., MC-10: CMC-LP 82.9%, CMC-SP 2.48 glucose mg./gm. of the cultures/min., MC-53: CMC-LP 72.4%, CMC-SP 1.76 glucose mg./gm. of the cultures/min., MC-61: CMC-LP 87.1%, CMC-SP 2.08 glucose mg./gm. of the cultures/min. 3. Additions of inorganic salts to the wheat bran media were not significant for the cellulase formation, but additions of soybean film and orange-peel pomace promoted the CMC-liquefying power 3 to 5 percent in wheat bran cultures of the strains.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.11
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• pp.173-184
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• 1969

To elucidate the effect of Amo-1618(4-hydroxyl-5-isopropyl-2-methlphenyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, 1-piperidine carboxylate) known as a kind of growth retardant, on the growth, grain yield, increasing the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer, behavior of mineral nutritions and the rate of phosphorus utilization, this experiment was conducted pot culture method in a vinyl house. Two nitrogen level, namely, practical nitrogen level(1 N) and three times nitrogen level(3 N) was made and labelled double-calcium-superphosphate $Ca(H_2P^{32}O_4)_2.\;2H_2O)$ as a source of radioactive phosphorus(P-32) was employed $80\;{\mu}c/pot$, respectively. Rice seedlings, variety 'Suwon No. 82', was transplanted to a 1/50,000 a china pot on June 13 in 1968. For treatment, at early stage of tillering, 10,000 ppm solution of Amo-1618 was foliar sprayed only one time. The Duncan's new mutiple-range test was adopted for statistical analysis evaluating experimental data at 5% level significance. The results obtained may be summarized as follows; 1) No significant difference was found among the treatments in plant height, but in plot of Amo-1618 treatment and 3 N level, number of tillers was significantly increased than that of others. 2) Weight of 10,000 kernels and seed-setting rate was also remarkably increased in same treatment above. 3) Grain yield per pot was significantly increased in Amo-1618 and 3 N level application. This results seemed to be due to the increased the factors on the yield. 4) Contents of nitrogen and phosphorus per cent in the grain was likewise increased in Amo-1618 and 3 N application. There is, however, no difference among treatments in the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in the leaves and culms of rice plants. 5) On the other hand, the contents of potassium and magnesium, no distinctly tendeny showed among treatments. 6) The rate of phosphorus utilization was significantly increased in the plot of Amo-1618 and 3 N application.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.123-134
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• 1979

For the purpose of developing a microbial insecticide utilizing Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, research was done and the following results were obtained. 1) As the freeze-dried matter of the cocoon-cooked water discarded from the filature contains much crude protein(51.825%) and a lot of inorganic salts, it can make a good nutrition source for the culture cf B. thuringiensis Berliner. 2) Based on the suspensibility, formula F-5 turned out to be the most suitable for insecticidal use. Its composition includes 0.2 g of the cell-spore-crystal mixture, 25 g of 200-mesh kaolin, 2.5 g of New Kalgen-NX-150, and 2.5 g of glycerine admixed with 8 ml of distilled water and granulated in 80-mesh size. 3) All the components of F-5, F-6 and F-7 are identical except that the amounts of cell-spore-crystal mixture of F-5, F-6, and F-7 are 0.2 g, 0.4 g, and 0.6 g, respectively. Accordingly, their physical properties are almost all the same. 4) Formulas F-5, F-6, and F-7 exhibited an excellent toxicity to Anomis mesogona Walker, Dendrolimus spectabilis Butler, and Margaronia perspectalis Walker at the concentration of 5%. 5) Formulas F-8 and F-9 which contain $NaHCO_3$ as one of their components showed a remarkably reduced toxicity to Anomis mesogona Walker and Dendrolimus spectabilis Butler than F-6 which does not contain $NaHCO_3$. 6) A maximum of $2.97{\times}10^9$ spores per ml was obtained by incubating B. thuringiensis in M-3 which has a pH of 7.05 and comprises 0.2% of ammonium sulphate and 0.8% of glucose dissolved in the cocoon-cooked water, with aeration for 96 hours. 7) Formula F-6 exhibited a somewhat reduced toxicity to Anomis mesogona Walker and Dendrolimus spectabilis Butler, when stored at room temperature for 70 days after formulation and it is desirable to keep it in a dark and cold place. 8) In held applications, formula F-6 showed a good activity in controlling Monema flavescens Walker. Margaronia perspectalis Walker, and Macrosiphum ibarae Matsumura.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.109-122
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• 1979

Present study was carried out to reduce residual toxicity of BHC insecticides inherent in the organochlorine pesticides. For This end, r-isomer, the most potent insecticidal component among the BHC stereoisomers, was isolated and thus fortified by means of solvent precipitation. In parallel, 3-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)-1-methyl urea was prepared in good yield from technical BHC via 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4,-trichloronitrobenzene, and 2,4,5-trichloroaniline. In addition, certain merit of the compound which make it possible to use as a herbicide is discussed. The results are summarized as follows; 1. Recrystallizing technical BHC from methanol-water binary solvent system, r-isomer was enriched to 49.7% at 95% recovery of r-isomer. 2. By partitioning technical BHC in 85% of methanolic solution into chloroform, r-isomer was fortified to 89.6% at 90.5% recovery of r-isomer. 3. Yield of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene from technical BHC was greatly dependent upon concentration of alkalies and to less degree on the alkalies. 4. Surfactants, in particular cationic a quartenary ammonium salt, increased yield of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene from technical BHC by alkaline hydrolysis. 5. Conversion of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene to 2,4,5-trichloronitrobenzene was effected almost quantitatively utilizing $HNO_3-H_2SO_4$ nitrating agent at low temperature. 6. Yield of 91.4% was observed for the synthesis of 2,4,5-trichloroaniline by reducing 2,4,5-trichloronitrobenzene in the presence of iron turning and hydrochloric acid. 7. Overall yield based on BHC of 3-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)-1- methyl urea was 60.8%. 8. Inhibition effects, both germination and growth, 3-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)-1-methyl urea on several crops were found comparable to or more potent than those of $linuron{\circledR}\;and\;diuron{\circledR}$. In addition, it was also noted that susceptibility to the prepared compound depended upon the crops as well as specific part (shoots, roots) of the plant exposed to the chemicals.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.135-141
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• 1979

These experiments were conducted to investigate the conditions of the acid protease production by Rhizopus oryzae and the characteristics of crude enzyme. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The optimum culture time and the optimum amount of added water to the wheat bran medium were about 48 hrs and $80{\sim}120%$, respectively. 2. The addition of $(NH_4)_6Mo_7O_{24},\;(NH_4)_2SO_4,\;NH_4NO_3$, casein, and albumin, respectively, as nitrogen sources to the wheat bran medium was effective. Of these, the optimum concentrations of addition of $(NH_4)_6Mo_7O_{24}$ and casein which were the most effective were 0.1% and 1.0%, respectively. 3. The addition of glucose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and soluble starch, respectively, as carbon sources to the wheat bran medium was effective. Of these, the optimum concentration of addition of glucose which was the most effective was 3.0%. 4. The addition of $KH_2PO_4$ as a phosphate salt to the wheat bran medium was effective. The optimum concentration of addition of $KH_2PO_4$ was 0.3%. 5. The optimum pH for the enzyme action was 2.4, the optimum temperature about $40^{\circ}C$, and the stable pH range $2.0{\sim}5.0$. The enzyme was stab1e below $40^{\circ}C$. 6. The enzyme activity increased rapidly for 10 minutes after addition, thereafter it increased slowly. 7. The enzyme activity increased rapidly to 2 ml of addition, but nearly did not increase at the amounts greater than 2ml.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.181-189
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• 1979

In order to establish fertilizing technique for the increase of grain yield and its stability, the total absorbed amount of nutrients and nutritional status of rice plants at different growth stages were studied with respect to the nutrient contents and its relation to grain yield and yield components. This experiment was carried at three different level of nitrogen fertilization; two different seeding and transplanting times, and eight cultivars including both Japonica-and Tongil-type. The results of a part of these experiments are summarized as fallows: 1. The culm length tended to Increase with increasing fertilizer amount, but no significant difference between ordinary and heavy fertilization was observed in Tongil-type cultivars. 2. The panicle length was some what longer in ordinary and heavy fertilization than non-fertilization. 3. As the N-fertilizer level increases, the number of panicles per plant increased with higher response in Japonica-type cultivars than in Tongil-type cultivars. 4. The number of grains per panicle increased significantly in ordinary and heavy fertilization, compared to non-fertilization, but the difference in grain number per panicle among fertilizer treatment was smaller in Japonica-type cultivars than Tongil-type. 5. The 1,000 grains weight showed no significant difference among fertilization levels in ordinary transplanting, but indicated gradual decreasing tendency as the transplanting delayed. 6. In percentage of ripeness, there was no significant difference in ordinary transplanting, but hightly significant in late transplanting among N-fertilization levels and cultivars. 7. In yield, highly significant difference was shown among N-fertilizer levels and cultivars In Tongil-type variety, higher yield was obtained in ordinary fertilization than heavy fertilization. 8. The straw weight showed the tendency to increase in higher nitrogen level, but no significant difference between ordinaly and heavy fertilization was observed in Tonsil-type cultivars.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.202-208
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• 1985

The significant chemical constituents estimating the quality of green tea were compared and analyzed in the tea shoots of native Korean tea plants. The tea shoots of different varieties among native tea plants were plucked in Waun-ri, Yongjang-ri, others in eight tea-growing places, and Yabukita, for the comparison, which is excellent Japanese variety. The contents of Yongjang-ri tea shoots were 0.55% lower in total nitrogen, 41.44mg% lower in vitamin C and 0.56% higher in tannin than the average of the other eight places. The contents of ash, caffeine and water extract showed no difference between the tea shoots. Tea shoots of Waunri had similar compositions compared with those of Yabukita and other eight places in the chemical constituents. It is considered that the tea loaves in Yongjang-ri would be different variety comparing with other eight places in the view of characters and constituents. And it is thought that tea loaves in Waun-ri would be the large leaf variety of same genealogy because tea loaves in Waun-ri was different from the other eight places in characters, but was similar to in constituents.