• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.439-444
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to seek an alternative method to prevent the contamination of normal saline caused by the back-flow of Gadolinium Based Contrast Agent(GBCA) by the use of auto-injector for dynamic MRI. The research method is to manufacture the non-return valve as an alternative to the existing, and to examine the usefulness of the normal saline by dividing the state of normal saline into three groups. The signal intensity were compared. As a result, there was no statistically significant difference between normal saline before injection of group 1 and group 3 non-return valve (p> 0.05). It is analyzed that the self-produced non-return valve completely blocked the GBCA back to normal saline when the GBCA was injected. In conclusion, the application of the non-return valve presented in this study for dynamic MRI imaging using the auto injector can prevent normal saline contamination due to GBCA back-flow.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.445-450
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• 2019

This study proves that syringe reuse of automated injection system entails a risk of contrast media reflux and saline solution contamination which are pumped by a piston into the patients' venous cannula in the dynamic MR images, we will be aware of the serious problem. To quantify the contrast media contamination effect on the saline solution, identical volume of the saline solution was collected before and after the contrast injection to the patients' venous cannula following T1 weighted image scanning to verify whether signal intensities differences are observed. The signal intensity of saline solution after the contrast injection was significantly higher than that of saline before injection by 523.43%. This result is due to the backflow that contaminates the saline solution on the opposite side when the contrast agent is injected. In conclusion, the syringe used to inject contrast medium. causes cross-contamination due to contrast reflux. Therefore, even if the same patient's examination is used for quantitative analysis, the error should be avoided by changing the acquisition sequence or replacing the syringe.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2019

It was reported that there were some cases in which signal was not inhibited but high signal appeared in cerebrospinal fluid on FLAIR(fluid attenuated inversion recovery) of MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging) in case a person inhales high-concentration oxygen. This study was to prepare basic database. We produced a phantom fixed with agar gel and by using it, obtained the images of the signals of normal saline into which oxygen was injected and normal saline diluted with contrast media by changing the TI(Inversion Time) of FLAIR technique and analyzed them. In the result of FLAIR technique of MRI using Philips Achieva MR 3.0T in Busan P Hospital, the SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio) of normal saline into which oxygen was injected was higher than the SNR of normal saline into which oxygen was not injected. However, it was not higher than the SNR of normal saline diluted with contrast media. In the TI 1,800ms, we could obtain the images which do not have the rise of the signal due to oxygen. In the CNR(Contrast to Noise Ratio) of normal saline into which oxygen was injected and normal saline diluted with contrast media as well, it was higher in the TI 1,800ms than in the TI 2,800ms that is mainly used clinically. It is thought that the result of this study could be basic database for studies on change of signal of cerebrospinal fluid as a result of injection of oxygen in FLAIR technique of MRI.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.879-887
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to establish a physiological injection protocol according to body weight, in order to minimize amount of contrast medium and optimize contrast enhancement in pediatric patients performing thoracic CT examinations. The 80 pediatric patients under the age of 10 were studied. Intravenous contrast material containing 300 mgI/ml was used. The group A injected with a capacity of 1.5 times its weight, and groups B, C and D added 5 to 15 ml of normal saline with a 10% decrease in each. The physiologic model which can be calculated by weight about amount of injection of contrast medium and normal saline, flow rate and delay time were applied. To assess image quality, measured average HU value and SNR of superior vena cava, pulmonary artery, ascending and descending aorta, right and left atrium, right and left ventricle. CT numbers of subclavian vein and superior vena cava were compared to identify the effects of reducing artifacts due to normal saline. Comparing SNR according to the contrast medium injection protocol, significant differences were found in superior vena cava and pulmonary artery, descending aorta, right and left ventricle, and CT numbers showed significant differences in all organs. In particular, B group with a 10% decrease in contrast medium and an additional injection of saline showed a low degree of contrast enhancement in groups with a decrease of more than 20%. In addition, the group injected with normal saline greatly reduced contrast enhancement of subclavian vein and superior vena cava, and the beam hardening artifact by contrast medium was significantly attenuated. In conclusion, the application of physiological protocol for injection of contrast medium in pediatric thoracic CT examinations was able to reduce artifacts by contrast medium, prevent unnecessary use of contrast medium and improve the effect of contrast enhancement.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 침의 면역조절작용을 통한 염증반응 억제효과를 연구하기 위하여 내독소를 주입한 흰쥐의 시상하부에서 염증반응의 중추인 방실핵의 신경활성에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 흰쥐의 미정맥에 LPS와 생리식염수를 각각 주입하고 군에 따라 양측 소부(HT8)나 족삼리(ST36)에 1분간 침치료를 각각 시행하였다. C-Fos는 신경활성을 자극하는 초기단계에 발현되는 유전자로서 신경계의 특정부위의 활성도를 측정하는 지표로 널리 사용되고 있다. 본 연구자는 침자극이 LPS로 인한 염증반응에 미치는 영향과 그 기전을 알아보기 위해 면역조직화학염색의 방법을 이용하여 대뇌 시상하부의 방실핵에서 c-Fos 면역활성을 측정하였다. LPS를 주입한 군의 방실핵에서 생리식염수를 주입한 군에 비해 c-Fos 면역활성이 유의하게 증가한 반면 소부에 자침했을 때 LPS에 의해 증가된 c-Fos 면역활성이 유의하게 감소하였다. 족삼리에 자침한 군에서는 유의한 변화가 나타나지 않았다. 결론적으로 소부 침치료는 LPS로 인해 증가된 방실핵의 신경활성을 효과적으로 감소시켰고 이는 침의 면역조절 및 탁월한 염증억제 효과를 보여주는 결과일 뿐 아니라 침의 인체 항상성 유지를 통한 치료기전에 대한 향후 연구의 중요한 실마리를 제공해주고 있다고 사료된다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.273-280
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• 1988

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of the medial amygdaloid nucleus on the pancreatic exocrine secretion and plasma secretin concentration in 44 male albino rats. Twenty-three rats in which the medial amygdaloid nucleus was damaged bilaterally by radio frequency a.c. through stereotaxically inserted electrodes (medical amygdaloid group, MA) and twenty-one rats which received the same operation without damage (operated control, OC), were prepared. Under urethan anesthesia, 0.01 N hydrochloric acid (HCl) or physiological saline (0.9% NaCl) was infused at a rate of 0.18 ml/min into the duodenum for 20 minutes. Pancreatic jucie was collected for the 20 min infusion period. After collection of pancreatic juice, blood was sampled from the abdominal aorta for the radioimmunoassay of plasma secretin concentration. In the MA group, the exocrine pancreatic secretory response to 0.01 N HCI as well as saline infusion was significantly inhibited compared with that in the OC group. The pancreatic protein output of the MA group significantly decreased after the saline infusion and tended to decrease after the 0.01 N HCI infusion, compared with that of the OC group. However, there was no significant difference in plasma secretin concentration between the two groups. Therefore it is strongly suggested that the rat medial amygdaloid nucleus has a facilitatory influence on both basal and acid-stimulated pancreatic exocrine secretion, but the releasing mechanism of secretin appears not to be involved in the influence.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.241-252
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• 1997

본 연구는 임상검사 및 방사선 사진상 악관절장애로 진단된 환자중 물리치료,악관절 안정장치 등의 보존적 치료방법을 시행하였으나 증상의 개선이 별로 없는 퇴행성 관절질환이나 중등도의 개구제한을 가진 환자를 대상으로하여 aspirin을 이용한 활액성분 분석 및 악관절 도약술과 sodium hyaluronate의 주입을 시행한후 이에 따른 치료결과를 평가하기 위하여 시행되었다. 평균연령이 31.2세(21-42세)인 11명의 악관절 장애환자를 대상으로 하였다. 악관절 도약술과 sodium hyaluronate의 주입은 악관절의 동통과 개구제한의 해소를 위해 시행되었으며 그 결과를 시술전, 시술 즉시, 시술 1주후 및 4주후로 나누어 분석하였으며 활액 채취시 생리식염수의 희석에 의한 활액성분의 농도 변화에 따른 오차를 막고자 활액과 혈액내의 aspirin의 농도차를 이용하여 정확한 활액 성분농도를 측정하였다. 이상의 연구를 통하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 전체 환자의 생리식염수에 의한 악관절 활액의 희석계수는 1.4-12.9(5.5$\pm$4.2)로 상당히 넓은 범위를 나타내었다. 2. 만성 폐구성 과두걸림 환자군(n=7)의 생리식염수에 의한 활액의 희석계수 (6.2$\pm$3.5)는 퇴행성 관절질환을 갖는 환자군(4.4$\pm$5.7, n=4)과 유의한 차이가 없었다. 3. 만성폐구성 과두걸림군과 퇴행성 관절 질환군간의 활액성분의 농도는 유의한 차이가 없었으나 희석계수를 이용한 수정된 Hyaluronic acid와 총단백질의 농도는 만성 폐구성 과두걸림군의 경우에서 유의하게 더 높게 나타났다. 4. 악관절 도약술과 sodium hyaluronate의 주입 직후 만성 폐구성 과두걸림 환자군의 경우 평균 8.3mm의 추가적인 개구 증가로 유의한 차이가 관찰되었고 퇴행성 관절질환의 경우 평균 1.3mm의 추가적인 개구증가가 있었으나 유의한 차이가 관찰되지 못했다. 5. 시술전, 시술 1주후 및 4주후의 여러 검사항목을 비교한 결과 두 군에서 모두 시간의 경과에 따라 기능이상 및 동통 감소의 경향을 나타내었으나 유의하지는 않았으며 만성 폐구성 과두걸림의 경우 기능장애지수(dysfunction index) 와 최대개구시 동통의 정도는 시술전과 시술 4주후간에 유의한 차이가 관찰되었다.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.307-313
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is that in coronary artery angiography computed tomography (coronary CTA), to gain high quality of image and to use low dose radiation by administrating normal saline and converting the mode of scanning heart rate (HR) characteristics before infusing contrast media. All patients data (total specimens: 200, male: 108, female: 92) were measured by using appropriate mode of scanning the heart rate (HR) after injection of saline. in addition we measured radiation dose (CTDIvol, effective dose) in all examinations. CT number and noise, and blurring of coronary artery (proximal RCA, middle RCA, proximal LCA) were measured and compared. The result of this study after injection of saline, mean heart rate was decreased about $4.8{\pm}0.3bpm$ (beats per minute). 33 patients (13%) got converting scan mode due to reducing heart rate (HR). In prospective gating mode, radiation dose were measured less $6.0{\pm}1.0mSv$ (54.1%) than retrospective gating mode. Also showed a significant difference in heart rate decrease in image evaluation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.127-127
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• 2003

본 연구의 목적은 젖소에서 다배란유기법의 확립을 위해서 호르몬을 처리법을 달리한 결과이다. 난포의 발생을 자극하는 FSH 호르몬을 하루에 2번의 호르몬 주사를 하는 데, 이는 혈액내에 난포자극호르몬의 농도를 연속적으로 유지하여 난소에서 다난포 발생의 목적을 달성하고자 하는 방법이다. 하지만 빈번하게 호르몬을 주사하는 방법은 처리하는 노력이 필요하고 공란우도 스트레스로 작용한다. 이러한 단점을 극복하기 위해 한번에 많은 난포의 성숙을 유도하는 다배란처리법에 대한 보고가 많이 있어, 본 연구에서 이 다배란처리 효과를 비교하고자 젖소를 이용하였다. 방법으로는 다회주사법(8회)과 일회주사법(1회)에서 황체수와 수정란의 생산수 등을 조사하였다. 다회주사법은 생리식염수에 융해한 FSH를 1일 50mg씩 2회(12시간 간격)주사하는 법으로 CIDR 질내 주입 9일째부터 4일간 주사하였으며, 질내에 CIDR를 주입하고 11일째되는 날에 PG(25mg, 루텔라이스, 한국)를 주사하고, 12일째는 CIDR를 제거하여 일회주사법과 주기를 맞추었다. 일회주사법은 CIDR를 질내에 주입하고 나서 9일째 되는 날에 400mg의 FSH을 생리식염수에 융해하여 일회주사를 하고 다회주사법과 같이 인공수정과 채란시간을 맞추었다. 인공수정은 황체퇴행제(PG)를 주사하고 나서 48, 72시간에 2회 인공수정을 실시하여 1주일 후 수정란을 채란하였다. 인공수정시는 반드시 GnRH(2.5mg)를 동시에 주사하였다. 채란은 인공수정 후 7일째 되는 날에 비외과적으로 채란을 실시하여 우수한 수정란은 동결을 실시하였다. 다회주사법에서 14두, 일회주사법에서 14두를 공시하여 황체수, 회수수정란수, 배반포수, 동결란수를 조사하였다. 다회주사법에서는 황체수는 8.07$\pm$6.62개, 회수정란수는 6.78$\pm$5.96개, 배반포율은 58.9%, 동결란 생산율은 52.6%의 성적을 얻었으며, 일회주사법에서 황체수는 12.07$\pm$8.07개, 회수수정란수는 10.0$\pm$9.24개, 배반포율은 27.1%, 동결란 생산율은 25.0% 수준의 결과를 얻었으나 결과에 대한 통계분석시 다회주사법과 일회주사리법 간에 유의적인 차는 인정되지 않았다(student T-test, P<0.05). 본 실험의 결과에서 나타나듯이 생리식염수를 용매로 이용한 FSH 1회 주사법이 다회주사법과 비교하였을 때에 수정란 생산효율에서 유의적인 차이가 없으므로 이 방법을 이용한 다배란유기는 노동력과 공란우에 대한 스트레스를 경감할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.431-437
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• 2015

This convergence study analyzed the effectiveness of contrast agent reduction by normal saline solution dilution in the computed tomography of arteries of lower limb. 48 patients of 125 cc contrast agent and 30 patients of the same amount divided at a ratio of 7:3 for the contrast agent and normal saline solution were studied. The average attenuation coefficient(HU) and signal to noise ratio(SNR) of abdominal aorta, femoral artery, popliteal artery and posterior tibial artery at each image were evaluated quantitatively and the four criteria in the five point scale was conducted qualitatively by two radiologists and four radiological technologists. In the quantitative evaluation, both HU and SNR had high average score before dilation but there were no statistical significance by independent t-test(p>0.05). In the qualitative evaluation, there were a little differences in the average scores between 4.86~4.77 of original contrast agent and 4.83~4.67 of dilated contrast agent but there were no statistical significance(p>0.05). In the computed tomography of arteries of lower limb, the dilated contrast agent doesn't influence image quality and reduces overall contrast agent and lowers iodine content per unit of molecular therefore will contribute to decrease side effect of contrast agent.