• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.283-287
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• 1994

The crystal stucture of bithional surfoxide, $C_{12}H_6Cl_4O_3S$, has been determined from 2295 independent reflections collected on an automated CAD-4 diffractometer with a graphite-monochromated $Mo-K\alpha$ radiation. The crystal belongs to the monoclinic, space group P2$_1$/n, with a unit cell dimensions a = 12.448(4), b = 9.740(1), c = $11.815(2)\AA$, $\beta$ = $100.06^{\circ}$, $\mu$ = 9.02 cm$^{-1}$, Dm = 1.76 g/cm$^3$, Dc = 1.75 g/cm$^3$, F(000) = 744, and Z = 4. The structure was solved by the direct method and refined by the least-squares method. The final R values was 0.037 for 2295 independent reflections. Overall conformation of the molecule is folded with respect to central surfur atom. Comparing with the molecular conformation of bithional, one of phenyl rings was swinged with about $180^{\circ}.$ This conformational change in the molecule results in the existance of intramolecular-hydrogen bond of S-O(3)---H-O(1) type and its steric hindrance between this moiety and the other phenyl ring. The two best planes of the phenyl rings have a maximum deviation of 0.009 $\AA$ for C(1) atom. The dihedral angle between two phenyl rings is $99.22^{\circ}.$ In the crystal structure, the molecules are packed with intermolecular-hydrogen bond of O(3)---H-O(2).

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.271-281
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• 2014

The physicochemical properties of clay minerals have been investigated at the atomistic to nano scale. The microscopic studies are often challenging to perform by using experimental approaches alone. In particular, hydroxyl groups of octahedral sheets in 2:1 clay minerals have been hypothesized to impact the sorption process of metal cations; however, X-ray based techniques alone, a common tool for mineral structure examination, cannot properly test the hypothesis. The current study has examined whether computational mineralogy techniques can be applied to examine the hydroxyl structures of clay minerals. Based on quantum-mechanics and molecular-mechanics computational methods, geometry optimizations were carried out for representative dioctahedral and trioctahedral phyllosilicate minerals. Both methods well reproduced the experimental lattice parameters; however, for structural distortion occurring in the tetrahedral or octahedral sheets, molecular mechanics showed significant deviations from experimental data. The orientation angle of the hydroxyl with respect to (001) basal plane is determined by the balance of repulsion between the hydroxyl proton and Si cations of tetrahedral sites; the quantum-mechanics method predicted $25-26^{\circ}$ for the angle, whereas the angle predicted by the molecular-mechanics method was much higher by $10^{\circ}$ (i.e., $35^{\circ}$). These results demonstrate that computational mineralogy techniques are a reliable tool for clay mineral studies and can be used to further elucidate the roles of hydroxyls in metal sorption process.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.162-169
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• 2004

Poly[styrene-b-(ethylene-1-butene)-b-styrene] triblock copolymer (SEBS) was functionalized with 0 to 3.0 phr maleic anhydride and the amount of dicumyl peroxide used as an initiator was varied from 0 to 0.3phr. The gel content of the modified SEBS was determined by xylene extraction and poly(oxymethylene) was blended with the modified SEBS. The impact, tensile, flexural strength and morphologies of the blends were investigated. The Izod impact strength of poly(oxymethylene) was improved through its blending with modified SEBS. However, the Izod impact strength of poly(oxymethylene)/modified SEBS blend decreased above 5% modified SEBS content. Regarding the effect of dicumyl peroxide content on the Izod impact strength, the blend had a maximum Izod impact strength when poly(oxymethylene) was blended with modified SEBS prepared with 0.1 phr dicumyl peroxide. It was also confirmed by SEM micrographs that the average particle size of modified SEBS in poly(oxymethylene)/modified SEBS blends was smaller than that of SEBS in poly(oxymethylene)/SEBS blends.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 2008

The application of solid phase microextraction (SPME) is generally conducted by directly immersing the fiber into the liquid sample or by exposing the fiber in the head space (HS). The extraction temperature, the time of incubation, and application of stirring are often designated to be the most important parameters for achieving the best extraction efficiencies of HS-SPME analysis. In this study, relative importance of these three analytical parameters involved in the HS-SPME method is evaluated using a polydimethylsiloxane/carboxen (PDMS/CAR) fiber. To optimize its operation conditions the competing relationships between different parameters were investigated by comparing the extraction efficiency based on the combination of three parameters and two contracting conditions: (1) heating the sample at 30 vs. 50 C, (2) exposing samples at two durations of 10 vs. 30 min, and (3) application of stirring vs. no stirring. According to our analysis among 8 combination types of HS-SPME method, an extraction condition termed as S50-30 condition ((1) 1200 rpm stirring, (2) $50^{\circ}C$ exposure temp, and (3) 30 min exposure duration) showed maximum recovery rate of 45.5~68.5% relative to an arbitrary reference of direct GC injection. According to this study, the employment of stirring is the most crucial factor to improve extraction efficiency in the application of HS-SPME.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.238-259
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• 2021

Gameunsa Temple is a Buddhist temple from the mid-Silla period. Construction began during the reign of King Munmu and was completed during the second year of King Sinmun's reign (682). This study is based on the results of excavations at the Gameunsa Temple site, exploring the findings presented in the literature in the field of history. This study also investigates the characteristics of the construction plan of Gameunsa Temple and its correlation with the political, social, and religious environment of the time. The results of the study are as follows: (1) First, it is confirmed that all of the buildings in the central block of Gameunsa Temple, such as the pagoda and corridor, the central gate, and the auditorium, fit within 216 cheoks by 216 cheoks (Goguryeo unit of measurement, estimated dimensions 353.30 mm), in terms of the base structure. This fact is highly significant considering the intent of the King in the mid-Silla period to advocate Confucian political ideals at the Donghaegu sites (Daewangam, Igyeondae Pavilion, and Gameunsa Temple), as confirmed by the relationship between the 'Manpasikjeok legend' and the Confucianism of the etiquette and the music; the relationship between the name of the 'Igyeondae Pavilion' and the 'I Ching'; and the relationship between the 'Taegeuk stones excavated from the Gameunsa Temple site' and the 'I Ching.' Additionally, it may be presumed that the number in the "Qian 216" on the Xici shang of 'I Ching' was used as a basis for determining the size of the central block in the early stages of the design of Gameunsa Temple. The layout of the halls and pagodas of Gameunsa Temple was planned to be within a 216-cheok-by-216-cheok area, from the edge to the center, i.e., on the central axis of the temple, in the following order: the central gate and auditorium, the north-south position of Geumdang Hall, the south corridor, the east-west buildings of the auditorium and the winged corridor, the east-west corridor, and the central position of the east-west stone pagoda. (2) Second, the coexistence of Confucianism and Buddhism in the architecture of Gameunsa Temple is based on the understanding of the Golden Light Sutra, originating from the aspirations of King Munmu to obtain the immeasurable merits (陰陽調和時不越序 日月星宿不失常度 風雨隨時無諸災横) and the light of the Buddha, which is metaphorically represented by the sun and the moon illuminating the whole world of Silla, a new nation with a Confucian political ideology, for a long time by "circumambulating the Buddha (旋繞)". It is also presumed that Gyeongheung, who was appointed by King Munmu to be the Guksa in his will and appointed as the Gukro after the enthronement of King Sinmun, was deeply involved in the conception and realization of the syncretism of Confucianism and Buddhism.

• Korea and Global Affairs
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.5-40
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• 2018

The history of decentralization and autonomy is the result of the struggle for democracy against the authoritarian central government. Before the imminent law amendment, there are many tasks for decentralization and citizen autonomy. Therefore, decentralization and autonomy are not given on their own but they must be taken from authoritarian and centralist power group which possesses exclusive interests. The decentralization and autonomy now enters into the stage of development. In 1960, the April 19 Revolution opened the era of democratic local autonomy and it was abolished by the military coup of May 16, Now, the era of the reform of the decentralization are coming. Decentralization and autonomy will evolve from the stage of quantitative expansion to the stage of qualitative leap. This paper proposes that the revision of decentralization be the strategic maximum, and that the independence of the local government personnel rights be the tactical minimum. This paper insists that the independence of personnel right in the local government can be a link with law amendment for decentralization. Local autonomy and decentralization are the main subjects of the amendment. Above all, clarifying this is the subject and method of this study, and the scope of the study.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.19-31
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• 2003

Chemical composition, crystal structure, refractive index, specific gravity, color, and luster were studied fur pyrope-almandine series garnets. The main coloring agents determining the reddish or brownish garnets were also investigated. It was also examined if there is any relationship between mineralogical properties with respect to the various chemical compositions in the solid solution, in the hope to figure out the existing classification values of R.I. and S.G. using gem- testing facilities to distinguish pyrope from almadine. It was found that 17 out of the 24 specimens belong to pyrope and the rest almandine. R.I. of pyrope goes up to 1.77 and that of almandine is higher than the value.5.5. of pyrope reaches to 3.88 and that of almandine is greater than the value of pyrope. X-ray diffraction data revealed that pyrope-almandine garnets are isometric with space group Ia3d, and also show that the variation of cell parameters are not significant enough to parallel with the chemical compositions of the series. R.I. and S.G. increase with FeO content. Fe and Mn are most responsible to the red-purple and orange coloration of the specimens, respectively. Both zircon and rutile crystals are most common inclusions in the reddish stones.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.41-60
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• 2008

Korea has been doing a two-port system as a main port development policy and developing the port of Busan and Gwangyang as the transshipment hubs in the northeast Asia. However, the growth rate of the transshipment container volume of the Gwangyang port in 2007 was sharply dropping more than 31.4%. The reasons why reduced the growth rate of transshipment cargo were from the port development in north China and the direct callings of ships. Therefore, it is time to evaluate the transshipment hub port policy of Korea. This study would recognize the decision criteria of shipping companies as customers for the transshipment hub in the northeast Asia by the AHP methodology based on Lirn et al. (2004). It has been known the costs of shipping companies and port location as the main first tier criteria for transshipment ports, and container handling charges, closeness to the main navigation route, carriers' strategy, and nearness to the feeder ports as the important second tier factors. Finally, the domestic terminal operating companies would focus on only a few attributes including the terminal cost factor, but the international shipping companies would be considering more several factors than they do. Therefore, the transshipment port strategy should be enriched in the near future.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 2017

The Detection Model is the model to find the result of a certain purpose using artificial intelligent, data mining, intelligent algorithms In Cyber Security, it usually uses to detect intrusion, malwares, cyber incident, and attacks etc. There are an amount of unlabeled data that are collected in a real environment such as security data. Since the most of data are not defined the class labels, it is difficult to know type of data. Therefore, the label determination process is required to detect and analysis with accuracy. In this paper, we proposed a KDFL(K-means and D-S Fusion based Labeling) method using D-S inference and k-means(unsupervised) algorithms to decide label of data records by fusion, and a detection model architecture using a proposed labeling method. A proposed method has shown better performance on detection rate, accuracy, F1-measure index than other methods. In addition, since it has shown the improved results in error rate, we have verified good performance of our proposed method.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.71-96
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• 2010

This article firstly reviewed Permanent Established(PE) concept of OECD and UN model tax treaty and compared it with that of Korean Corporate Income Tax Law(CITL). The various factors regarding profit like ways of deciding the local source profit, scope and calculation method which will be imputed to PE were also reviewed. Based on above, standard PE judgement basis and calculation method of local source profit were also studied by using actual cases in foreign corporation which performs plant construction & sales in Korea. Accordingly to properly solve the conflict regarding international tax and to protect the tax authority against the foreign corporation in Korea, by standing on equality, I now propose followings for the better concept of PE in Korea. Firstly, the article that a building site or construction or installation project constitutes a PE only if it lasts more than 6 months should be modified to reflect OECD model convention's criteria of 12 months. Second, the scope of 'subordinate attorney' which is regarded as PE under CITL is now including 'holding-delivery attorney', 'order attorney', and 'assurance attorney' as well as 'contract attorney'. This is overly limit the activities of foreign corporation. It had better be loosened only to include 'contract attorney' as OECD provisions. Third, the CITL limits the cases of preparatory and/or auxiliary place which is not regarded as PE, thus limit the foreign corporations' business by expanding the concept of PE. This had better be eased. Fourth, in deciding the amount of local source profits, the CITL stipulates to split the profits by the relevant contribution of transaction parties through 'profit split method'. To solve the conflict, the ways of profit split must be better clarified through providing object and detailed standard and basis.