• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.507-528
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• 2011

Agricultural workers who mix/loads and spray pesticide in fields expose to pesticide through dermal and inhalation routes. In such situation, exposed amount should be measured quantitatively for reasonable risk assessment. Patch, gloves, socks and mask will be good materials for monitoring for dermal exposure while personal air monitor equipped with solid adsorbent and air pump will be a tool for inhalation exposure. For extrapolation of absorbed amount in dermal exposure matrices and of trapped amount in solid sorbent to total deraml or inhalation exposure, Korean standard body surface area and respiration rate were proposed in substitution of EPA data. Important exposure factors such as clothing and skin penetration ratio of dermal and inhalation exposure were suggested based on Spraying time for exposure monitoring must be long enough that the amount of pesticide to get absorbed/trapped in exposure matrices results in reasonable analytical value. In domestic case for the both of speed sprayer and power spray machine, spraying time of 20~40 minutes (0.1~0.2 ha) will be reasonable per single replicate before extrapolating to 4 hours a day with triplicates experiment.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.531-536
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• 2024

Control drones, which are recently classified as smart agricultural machines in the agricultural field, are striving to build smart control and automatic control systems by combining hardware and software in order to shorten working hours and increase the effectiveness of control in the aging era of rural areas. In this paper, the characteristics of the nozzle dedicated to the control drone were analyzed as a basic study for the establishment of management control and automatic control systems. In order to consider various variables such as the type of various drone models, controller, wind, flight speed, flight altitude, weather conditions, and UAV pesticide types, related studies are needed to be able to present the drug spraying criteria in consideration of the characteristics and versatility of the nozzle. Therefore, to enable the consideration of various variables, flow analysis (CFD) simulation was conducted based on the self-designed nozzle, and the theoretical and experimental values of the droplet distribution were compared and analyzed through water reduction experiments. In the future, we intend to calculate accurate scattering in consideration of various variables according to drone operation and use it in management control and automatic control systems.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.247-257
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• 2014

Assessment for operator's dermal and inhalation exposure to acetamiprid during cultivation of water melon in greenhouse was carried out. For dermal exposure measurement, whole body dosimetry (WBD) was performed as the first trial in Korea. WBD consists of cotton/polyester outer clothes and cotton inner clothes. Hand exposure was measured by washing of nitrile gloves and hands while head exposure was monitored by face/neck wipe technique. Inhalation exposure was monitored with personal air sampling pumps and IOM sampler (glass fiber filter). Analytical limit of quantitation was 2.5 ng/mL. Good reproducibility (C.V < 8.7%), linearity ($R^2$ > 0.99) and recovery (70~119%) were obtained. Field recovery of acetamiprid was 77~95%. During mixing/loading, hand exposure of acetamiprid was about 10 times ($229.7{\mu}g$) more than that of application case ($20.9{\mu}g$). During application, total dermal exposure was $1207.4{\mu}g$. Exposure of lower legs was $1132.1{\mu}g$, which is 93.8% of the total dermal exposure. Inhalation exposure during mixing/loading and application was not detected. Margin of safety (MOS) was calculated for risk assessment using male Korean average body weight (70 kg) and acceptable operator exposure level ($124{\mu}g/kg/day$) to give 140, suggesting that health risk of operator during treatment of acetamiprid for water melon in greenhouse could be safe.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.116-127
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• 1996

Recent development in Japan on jumbo formulation of pesticides for paddy application by hand throw was reviewed. In addition, the diffusion of liquid formulations in water was examined to establish the research strategy for the jumbo formulation. Research on jumbo formulation in Japan has been focused on gas-generating formulations and self-emulsifiable formulations. Although continuous efforts to minimize the problem of pesticide deposit on the treated site have been made for the gas-generating formulations, much work is still needed to establish a generally acceptable formulation method and to commercialize a herbicide formulation. The self-emulsifiable jumbo formulations have recently been investigated. These formulations could simply be processed and showed relatively high biological efficacy. The emulsifiable concentrate was more diffusible than the suspension concentrate in water. The diffusion of the emulsifiable concentrate was not greatly disturbed by floating obstacles. And the diffusion rate was high when the specific grabity was lower than one.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.355-361
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• 2017

This paper is the design for the welfare robot of apple artificial pollination by a survey for 25 elders' needs of Daegu-Gyeongbuk rural region. The results are summarized as follows. 1) In the apple farms of the region, most of farmers are the couples of 50 years thru 70 years to plant the apple trees only. The apple farm requires the senior farmers lots of painful works including their bone and muscle system problem to result in safety accidents. 2) For the aging progress of rural area, the senior farmers spend lots of labor hours and cost to do artificial pollination, a proper deletion of small fruits, and a speed spray, etc.. Most of them agree to the development of the welfare robot for an apple artificial pollination. 3) The survey results could be applied to the conceptual design in the users' point of view. Therefore, they are used as the important effects for the detail design and commercial design to develop the welfare robot for the rural seniors.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.391-394
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• 2012

Exposure and risk assessment during mixing/loading of chlorpyrifos emulsifiable concentrate (EC, 20%) were carried out. Limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.02 and 0.1 ng, respectively. Calibration curve linearity and reproducibility were excellent. Recovery of chlorpyrifos from gloves was 72.3-103.4%. During mixing/loading procedure, average hand exposure amount of chlorpyrifos was 3.9 mg which is corresponding to 0.004% of total active ingredient in the prepared spray mixture. In calculation of MOS (Margin of Safety) for risk assessment, male Korean average body weight and AOEL (Acceptable Operator Exposure Level) were used. Nine events of mixing/loading procedure were assumed per day. And 75 percentile of 30 repetition (4.6 mg) was used as for the worst case. MOS was more than 1 for total repetition, indicating mixing/loading work was of least risk. However, MOS of individual repetition was examined, two cases were less than 1 suggesting careful work habit is essential in mixing/loading procedure.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.35-40
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• 2022

In the agricultural environment, pesticide control requires a high risk of work and a high labor force for farmers. The effectiveness of pesticide control using unmanned aerial vehicles varies according to climate, land type, and characteristics of unmanned aerial vehicles. Therefore, an effective method for pesticide control by unmanned aerial vehicles considering the spraying conditions and environmental conditions is required. In this paper, we propose an efficient pesticide control system based on agricultural unmanned aerial vehicles considering the application conditions and environmental information for each crop. The effectiveness of the proposed model was demonstrated by measuring the drop uniformity of pesticides according to the change in altitude and speed after attaching the sensory paper and measuring the penetration rate of the drug inside the canopy according to the change in crop growth conditions. Experiment result, the closer the height of the UAV is to the ground, the more evenly the crops are sprayed, but for safety reasons, 2m more is suitable, and on average a speed of 2m/s is most suitable for control. The proposed control system is expected to help develop intelligent services based on the use of various unmanned aerial vehicles in agricultural environments.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.26-30
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• 2014

Purpose of this study was a development of a sprayer arm auto control system that could be operated according to distance from pear trees for automation of pest control. Auto control system included two parts, hardware and software. First, controller was made with an MCU and relay switches. Two types of ultra-sonic sensors were installed to measure distance from pear trees: one on/off type that detect up to 3 m, and the other continuous type providing 0~5 V output corresponding to distance of 0~3 m. Second, an auto control algorithm was developed to control. Each spraying arm was controlled according to the sensor-based distance from the pear trees. And it could dodge obstacles to protect itself. Max and min signal values were eliminated, when five sensor signals was collected, and then signals were averaged to reduce sensor's noises. According to results of field experiment, auto control test result was better than non auto control test result. Spraying rates were 69.25% (left line) and 98.09% (right line) under non auto control mode, because pear trees were not planted uniformly. But, auto control test's results were 92.66% (left line) and 94.64% (right line). Spraying rate was increased by maintaining distance from tree.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.32-40
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• 2022

In this study, the appropriate unit cost in grassland establishment was redeveloped by the grassland establishment method and work criteria. The grassland establishment method was divided into tillage establishment (all logging) and no-tillage establishment (all logging and partial logging). The price for the work criteria by the establishment method was presented for each permission/authorization and establishment work. In permission/authorization for grassland establishment, the cost of each work criteria was of environmental impact (small scale environmental impact) assessment, disaster impact assessment, cadastral serving fee, forest survey, and connection fee for control of mountainous districts. In establishment was of logging, cleaning/gruffing, plowing/soil preparation, seeding, fertilization, livestock manure compost, seed, herbicide, labor cost (fertilizer, seed and herbicide), soil consolidation, cattle trail, and fence. The unit cost of grassland establishment was KRW 115,894,212 for the tillage establishment, and KRW 110,281,572 and KRW 106,680,122 for the all and partial logging of the no-tillage establishment, respectively. The current study redeveloped the establishment method, work criteria, and estimation of the unit cost of grassland establishment. It can be usefully used to carry out government projects to support related to establishment and maintenance of grassland.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.454-462
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• 2014

This study was carried out to determine the effect of tree height on light transmission, spray penetration, tree growth performance, fruit quality attributes, and labor productivity in the slender-spindle system of 'Hongro'/M.9 apple trees. With increasing tree height, the light penetration into the internal parts of the canopy decreased, especially in the lower canopy. Leaf area index (LAI) increased with increasing tree height, thereby leading to a reduction in the extent of spray penetration into the interior of the canopy. With increasing tree height, shoot growth was more vigorous but produced slender shoots in the upper canopy compared to the lower canopy. Although the soluble solid content and coloration of fruit decreased, there was no difference in fruit firmness and acidity. In addition, the number of final fruit set increased, although the production of large fruit (> 305 g) decreased. The increase in tree height also significantly increased the labor required for practices such as thinning of flowers and fruits, pruning, and harvesting. Nevertheless, this problem of increased in labor input in taller trees would was eased by use of a mechanical lift. Utilizing a lift for thinning the flowers of trees 4.5 m in height saved 14.6 min per tree, compared to the use of ladder. Therefore, it is highly considerable that in order to enhance light transmission and fruit coloration, light conditions should be improved in the internal tree canopy of slender-spindle systems.