• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.18-28
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of water quality variations by stand water balance in YangPyong-Gun Gejung-Lee small forest watershed. Water quantity. pH, $Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$, $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $Na^+$, $NH_4{^+}$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$ were monitored in open rainfall for one unit storm and long-term stream water in small forest watershed from January. 1998 to December. 1999. The results were summarized as follows: The runoff rate was 46.4% in 1998 and 52.2% in 1999. The average pH values of rainfall were 4.8 to 6.2 and those of stream water were 6.4 to 7.1 in small forest watershed. Total amount of input anion and cation values (kg/ha) in rainfall were $SO_4{^{2-}}>NO_3{^-}>Ca^{2+}>NH_4{^+}>Cl^->Na^+>K^+>Mg^{2+}$ and in stream water were $NO_3{^-}>Ca^{2+}>SO_4{^{2-}}>Na^+>Cl^->K^+>Mg^{2+}>NH_4{^+}$ in the order, respectively. The dissolved $NH_4{^+}$ was stored 5.29kg/ha and output of the other contents were more flow than input in small forest watershed.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.101-108
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• 1999

This survey was performed from March 1993 to March 1998, in order to clarify the relationships between water quality and topographical factor. The study sites were two reservoir basins; Kaesim and Jangchan in Iwon-myon, Okchon-gun, Chungcho'ngbukdo Province. Basin shape factors of Kaesim reservoir were at 0.030∼0.210 (mean value 0.090), those of Jangchan reservoir were at 0.217∼0.452 (mean value 0.325). The mean basin shape factor of Jangchan reservoir was 3.61 times larger than that of Kaesim reservoir because its stream width was narrower and mean stream length was shorter. In the correlation between distance from the source of stream (L) and basin area (A), Iwonchon basin was calculated as L=1.44A/sup 0.6/. Circularity ratio was 17.114 in Kaesim (22% of Kum River), and 7.444 in Jangchan. Elongation ratio was 0.357 in Kaesim, 0.636 in Jangchan and 0.282 in Kum River. Precipitation summation period of Jangchan was 1.54 times slower than that of Kaesim. Rainfall reaching time in each small basin was 337.53 min. in A'(Jangchan-ri) basin of Jangchan and 49.26 min in H (Iwon-ri) basin of Kaesim. In the relationship between watershed frequency (Df) and drainage density (Dd), the regression equation was Df=0.023Dd² in Kaesim and Df=0.189Dd² in Jangchan reservoir. As slope degree increased, DO became higher (Y/sub DO/=0.19X＋6.5927, r=0.8l), but COD(Y/sub COD/=-0.2092X＋9.7104, r=0.52) became lower. Total nitrogen was increased with the increase of basin shape factor and circularity ratio. Ratio of B/sub OD/ to COD was 1/1.2(Y/sub BOD/ = 1.2984 X/sub COD/-3.2004, r=0.9l).

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.102-109
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• 2016

The sustainability of Iris koreana, a rare and endemic plant designated by the Korea Forest Service, is threatened due to artificial factors such as habitats loss and climate change etc. and internal factors such as changes in biological properties of the habitats etc. but conservation biology research has not been performed in South Korea. The objective of this study is to establish the species conservation strategies by analyzing the characteristics of their habitats, including: 1) Population characteristics, and 2) habitat analysis of the vegetation and abiotic environments. From April to May, 2015, population characteristics [density (stems $m^{-2}$), flowering rate (%) and leaf area size ($cm^2$)] in I. koreana habitats such as Buan1~6 (BA1~6), Jangseong1~2 (JS1~2) and vegetation characteristics (phytosociological research and ordination analysis), and abiotic environments [soil temperature ($^{\circ}C$), soil humidity (%), transmitted light ($mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$) and canopy openness (%)] were measured. I. koreana was mainly distributed at elevation 50 to 150 m and 2 to $11^{\circ}$ slope. Slope direction was shown as 90 to $193^{\circ}$. The average degree of canopy openness was 11.9%. It showed the highest at BA2 (17.5) and the lowest at JS1 (7.7). The average degree of transmitted light was $6.3mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$. It showed the highest at BA2 (10.1) and the lowest at JS1 (3.6). Population density showed average 25.8 (stems $m^{-2}$). It showed the highest at JS2 (19.7) and the lowest at JS1 (9.3). flowering stems showed average 16.9 (stems). It showed the highest at BA3 (35) and the lowest at BA5 (4). Leaf area size was average $94.1cm^2$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 1981

This pot experiment was conducted to find out the optimal fertilization ratio of the cations(K: Ca: Mg) in various soil conditions. Soil samples were collected from uncultivated mountains and hills where development for grass lands is under consideration. The optimum ratios were computed by the Homes systematic variation technique. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The optimum fertilization ratios of the cations (K : Ca : Mg) for the high yields of grass-clover mixed sward at various areas were obtained (Table 4) 2. The relatively high optimum fertilization ratios of K in Daegu and Taegwalryong, Ca in Unbong, and Mg in Cheju district gave the high yields of clover in mixed sward. They were positively related to the low contents of the above cations in the soils or the relatively low content ratio comparing with other cations. 3. The yields of clover in mixed sward were seriously affected by the changes in both the fertilization ratio and total concentration of cations comparing to those of the grass yields. As a consequence, total yields, quality, and botanical composition of the mixed sward were also affected. 4. The antagonis among the cations K, Ca, and Mg was known from the point of mineral contents of grass and clover. 5. The equivalent ratio K/(Ca+Mg) or grass was greatly increased by the range of 2.4 and 3.3 in the K-group treatment, which was higher than the critical level 2.2 of grass tetany, otherwise that. of clover by the range of 0.9 and 1.2. Therfore, it may be concluded that if the botanical composition of grass/legume sward is optimum, the incidence of grass tetany can be eliminated.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.178-187
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• 1982

This pot experiment was undertaken to find out the optimum fertilization ratios of total anions to total cations, ${\Sigma}A/{\Sigma}C$, and the optimum application rates of total macro-nutrients in various soil conditions. Soil samples were collected from uncultivated mountains and hills where grassland development was under consideration. 1. The optimum application ratios of ${\Sigma}A/{\Sigma}C$ and the optimum application rates of total macro-nutrients for the high yields of mixed grass-clover sward in various grassland soils were computed by the Hom$\acute{e}$s systematic variation techniqu.e. 2. With respect to the optimum application ratios of ${\Sigma}A/{\Sigma}C$ in fertilization in a mixed grass-clover sward, the grass yield and botanical composition were distinctly proportional to ${\Sigma}A$ wheras the regume yield and botanical composition were proportional to ${\Sigma}C$. 3. The optimum fertilization rates of total macro-nutrients for the high legume yields were depended upon ${\Sigma}A/{\Sigma}C$ ratios. These optimum rates were in proportional to ${\Sigma}C$ ratios and were inversely proportional to ${\Sigma}A$ ratios. 4. The efficiencies of ${\Sigma}A$ and ${\Sigma}C$ in relation to the grass and grass plus legume yields were highest with the low ratios of each other and the low fertilization rates of total macronutrients. The ${\Sigma}A$ effieiency in the legume yield tended to be similar to that of ${\Sigma}A$ related to the grass yield noted above except Daegu soil. The ${\Sigma}C$ efficiency, however, was proportional to the ${\Sigma}C$ ratio, although that was varied with the fertilization rates of total macro-nutrients and with the kinds of soils. 5. The yield of mixed forages, yield component, and botanical composition in a mixed sward were greatly influenced by the ${\Sigma}A/{\Sigma}C$ ratios, the fertilization rates of total macronutrients, and the interactions of ratio and rate noted above. In addition, these effects were generally different and opposite according to grass and legume.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.4 s.161
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• pp.214-225
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• 2005

The mountain village development program in Korea started in the mountain villages, the 45.9% of total land and one of the typical marginal region, from 1995 to achieve the equilibrium development of national land and the sustainable mountain development in Chapter 13 in Agenda 21, and it has been accelerated to increase the happiness and the quality of life of mountain community residents through the expansion by province and the improvement of related laws and regulations. This study has been aimed to analyze the response of main stakeholder's -mountain village residents and local government officials - on mountain villages development, and to provide the future plan as community development. The survey and interview data were collected from the mountain villages which already developed 59 villages and developing 15 villages in 2003. The mountain village development program has achieved the positive aspects as community development plan in the several fields, - the voluntary participation of residents, the establishment of self-support spirit as the democratic civilians, the development of base of income increasement, the creation of comfortable living environment, the equilibrium development with the other regions. Especially the mountain residents and local government officials both highly satisfy with the development of base of income increasement and the creation of comfortable living environment which are the main concerns to both stakeholder. However through the mountain development program, it is not satisfied to increase the maintenance of local community and the strengthening of traditional value of mountain villages. Also to improve the sustainable income improvement effects, it is necessary to develop the income items and technical extension which good for the each region. In the decentralization era, it is necessary for local government should have the more active and multilateral activities for these. With this, the introduction of methods which the mountain community people and the local government officials could co-participate in the mountain villages' development from the initial stages and the renovation of related local government organizations and the cooperatives will be much helpful to the substantiality of mountain development program. Also it is essential for the assistance of central government to establish the complex plan and the mountain villages network for all mountain area and the exchange of information, the education and training of mountain villages leader who are the core factor for the developed mountain villages maintenance, the composition of national mountain villages representatives. In case the development proposals which based on the interests of the main stakeholder's on mountain community could be positively accepted, then the possibility of the mountain village development as one of community development will be successfully improved in future.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.3
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• pp.277-285
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• 1995

This study was conducted to understand the relationship between climatic factors and matsutake(Tricholoma matsutake) mushroom production. Data on local annual matsutake production collected from 29 locations from 1984 to 1993 were analyzed for stepwise and multiple regression with local climatic data, such as monthly maximum, minimum, and average air temperature, soil temperature, relative humidity, amount of rainfall, and number of rainy days. Correlation between monthly climatic factors and annual matsutake production was calculated in each location(Case 1), each year(Case 2), and each month(Case 3). In Case 1, number of rainy days and minimum temperature in Sep. showed positive correlation with matsutake production. In Case 2, maximum, minimum, and average temperature in June showed negative correlation with matsutake production. In Case 3, amount of precipitation in Sep. and Oct. number of rainy days in Sep., and minimum temperature in Sep. and Oct. showed positive correlation with matsutake production. In conclusion, amount of rainfall and number of rainy days in Sep. were the most important climatic factors and correlated positively with matsutake production. Below average air temperature in June was also beneficial for matsutake production.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.66-80
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• 2009

This paper attempts to investigate how the cultural phenomena associated with 'Wuyi-Doga(武夷棹歌)' and 'Wuyi-Gugok (武夷九曲)' was introduced to Joseon. The icon and code of 'Gugok' cultural text which was observed in the process of transmitting the culture through repetition and imitation were examined. With regard to research methodology, an 'analysis and discussion framework' was designed based on the literature review, field survey and the seven textuality criteria proposed by Dressier. Then the textuality of 'Wuyi-Gugok' was analyzed in terms of the dependent relation of text, the relationship between the creator and user, repetition, imitation and the spread process. Since ZhouHee(朱熙)'s 'Wuyi-Doga' and 'Wuyi-Gugok' were introduced to Joseon through literature and paintings, they became a part of the cultural Phenomena with unprecedented popularity. As a result, a great number of imitations can be found. In addition, governors would even take care of political affairs in a scenic mountain valley as described in this literature. Regardless of the writer's intentiot 'Gugok' settled in Joseon as new culture in harmony with Taoism and Sung COnfucianism. In other words, Joseon's Gugok-Wonlim(九曲園林) accepted the nature-appreciation aesthetic consciousness in 'Wuyi-Doga' and 'Wuyi-Gugok' on the basis of Taoism and Sung Confucianism. In terms of the text-based dependent relation only, however, the geographical coherence was somewhat loosened while the Gugok Culture that was dependent on Taoism or elegance in life dominated the internal structure of the textuality. Meantime, the internal factors that dominated the textuality of 'Wdyi-Gugok' were interpreted as 1) 'Aesthetics of Bending, Water Whirls', 2) 'Territoriality Expression Carve letters,' 3) 'Cultural Landscape seeing through the Speculation of Meaning,' 4) 'The Pursuit of Oddness and Presentationism' and 5) 'Transcendental Landscape of Taoism and Topos.'

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.3
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• pp.334-341
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• 2006

This study was to investigate the growth of planted red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et. Z.) seedling, soil properties and understory vegetation structure after fertilizer treatments [unfertilized plot (control), CF plot (Combination Fertilizer), UF plot (Urea Formaldehyde Fertilizer)] in a Pinus densiflora stand planted after the forest fires in Gosung, Gangwon province. The height growth rates of seedlings in four years were 264% in unfertilized, 404% in CF, and 388% in UF plots, respectively. The root collar diameters were increased 340% in unfertilized, 454% in CF, and 427% in UF plots, respectively. No significant changes occurred in soil total nitrogen and potassium ion ($K^+$) with the fertilization. However, available $P_2O_5$, content in the soil surface (0-15 cm) increased with the fertilizer application. Soil organic matter increased significantly with fertilizer treatments, while gradual decrease occurred in unfertilized plots. Sodium ion ($Na^-$) decreased in all sites. Soil pH, CEC, calcium ion ($Ca^{2+}$) and magnesium ion ($Mg^{2+}$) contents were not significantly different among treatments. Although Shannon's species diversity index and species richness in understory vegetation did not change with fertilizer treatments, vegetation cover rates in forest floor increased significantly with the fertilization. These results suggest that the increase of pine seedling growth and vegetation cover rates with fertilization could enhance soil stabilization in forest tire areas.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.569-583
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• 2004

The rock properties of the West pagoda in the Gameunsaji temple site are composed mainly of dark grey porphyritic granodiorite with medium grained equigranular texture and developed with small numerous dioritic xenoliths. These xenoliths occurred with small holes due to different weathering processes. As a weathering results, the rock properties of this pagoda occur wholly softened to physical hardness because of a complex result of petrological, meteorological and biological causes. Southeastern part of the pagoda deteriorated seriously that the surface of rock blocks showed partially exfoliations, fractures, open cavities in course of granular decomposition of minerals, sea water spray and crystallization of salt from the eastern coast. The Joint between blocks has small or large fracture cross each other, contaminated and corrupted for inserting with concrete, cement mortar, rock fragments and iron plates, and partially accelerated coloration and fractures. There are serious contamination materials of algae, fungus, lichen and bryophytes on the margin and the surface on the roof stone of the pagoda, so it'll require conservation treatment biochemically for releasing vegetation inhabiting on the surface and the discontinuous plane of the blocks because of adding the weathering activity of stones and growing weeds naturally by soil processing on the fissure zone. Consisting rock for the conservation and restoration of the pagoda would be careful choice of new rock properties and epoxy to reinforce for the deterioration surfaces. For the attenuation of secondary contamination and surface humidity, the possible conservation treatments are needed.